Dietary supplementation with sesame seeds to improve semen quality of Ho cocks
ISSN 2588-1299
VJAS 2019; 2(2): 376-386
Vietnam Journal
of Agricultural
Sciences
Dietary Supplementation with Sesame
Seeds to Improve Semen Quality of Ho
Cocks
Nguyen Thi Xuan, Nguyen Van Duy, Dang Thuy Nhung & Vu
Dinh Ton
Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000,
Vietnam
Abstract
High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in chicken spermatozoa
make them susceptible to lipoperoxidation and reduce their fertility.
This study was conducted to assess the effect of sesame seed
suplementation in the diet on the semen quality of Ho cocks.
Eighteen 13-14 month-old cocks were randomly divided into three
groups and were assigned to one of the following treatments: 0% SS
(control), 5% SS, or 7% sesame seeds per kg of diet for ten
consecutive weeks after a two-week adaptation period. Semen
characteristics were evaluated once a week. In the 7% sesame seed
treatment group, seminal traits including semen ejaculate volume
(1.02mL), sperm concentration (3.68 x 109 sperm), and abnormal
spermatozoa (10.51% were improved (P <0.05) compared to the
control group (0.82mL, 2.81 x 109 sperm, and 11.04% for semen
ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and abnormal spermatozoa,
respectively). Supplementation with sesame seeds did not
significantly affect sperm motility, mass movement, or semen pH.
Our results demonstrate that sesame seed supplementation at 7%
successfully improved the ejaculate volume, sperm concentration,
and normal spermatozoa percentage of Ho cocks.
Keywords
Semen quality, Ho cock, sesame seed supplementation
Introduction
Received: Febuary 21, 2019
Accepted: May 14, 2019
In Vietnam, the national poultry flock is dominated by local
breeds. Among indigenous chicken breeds in Vietnam, the Ho
chicken breed is famous for its massive body weight (3.78kg per
cock and 2.64kg per hen) (Duy et al., 2015). However, this heavy
body weight leads to their poor natural mating ability and hence, a
low rate of fertile eggs (72.81%) (Duy et al., 2015). In addition,
semen production and quality of Ho cocks are considered as poor.
Hue et al. (2015) reported that the semen qualities of Ho cocks in
terms of average ejaculate volume, motility, and sperm
Correspondence to
ORCID
Nguyen Thi Xuan
Vu Dinh Ton
5456
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Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Dietary supplementation with sesame seeds to improve semen quality of Ho cocks
concentration were 0.63mL, 57.6%, and 950.6
million sperms mL-1, and feeding strategies to
improve the fertility of Ho chicken flocks have
been increasing in recent years.
healthy Ho chicken breeder males, which were
13-14 months old and had an average body
weight of 3.73 ± 0.47kg per animal, were
assigned to three treatments, comprised of diets
containing different ratios of sesame seeds,
namely 0%, 5%, and 7%, taking into account
body weight. There were six replicates per
treatment. The length of the adaptation period
was 14 days, followed by an experimental
period of 70 days. The cocks were housed
individually in 1 x 1 x 1m cages with solid
concrete floors and rice hull bedding. The
photoperiod was 16h of light per day. All the
necessary vaccinations and medications were
administered accordingly.
Avian spermatozoa are susceptible to
peroxidative damage due to the high amount of
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
within the membrane phospholipids (Jafari et
al., 2013). This can result in decreased fertility.
Nutritional supplements may have an influence
on the oxidative attacks (Min et al., 2016).
Recent studies have shown that dietary
supplementation with antioxidants such as
vitamin E and vitamin C could improve the
reproductive performance of chickens (Biswas
et al., 2009; Ebeid, 2012; Min et al., 2016).
Sesame seeds are highly resistant to oxidative
deterioration and is the oldest oilseed used to
treat male fertility (Abou-Gharbia et al., 2000;
Dimitrios, 2006). The strong antioxidant activity
of sesame is due to its high levels of bioactive
components including lignans sesamin and
sesamolin (Abou-Gharbia et al., 2000; Shittu &
Bankole, 2007; Pathak et al., 2014; Gharby et
al., 2017), copper and calcium, phosphorous,
iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and vitamin
B1 (Pathak et al., 2014; Gharby et al., 2017).
The main unsaturated fatty acids of sesame
seeds are linoleic acid (37-47%), oleic acid (35-
43%), palmitic (9-11%), and stearic acid (5-
10%) (Pathak et al., 2014). Moreover, sesame
contains other lignans including sesaminol,
sesangolin, and 2-episalatin that have
antioxidant properties (Dimitrios, 2006).
Experimental diets and feeding
Three different diets were formulated for
this experiment (Table 1). The dietary
treatments were corn-soybean-rice bran based
diets supplemented with 0%, 5%, and 7%
sesame seeds (denoted as control, 5% SS, and
7% SS, respectively). Sesame seeds were
purchased from a local farmer in Thua Thien
Hue province. Proximate analysis of the sesame
seeds showed that they contained 5.96%
humidity, 4121 Kcal kg-1, 21.63% crude protein,
45.60% crude lipid, 15.21% crude fiber, and
5.44% ash. The sesame seeds were incorporated
into the diet by replacing equivalent amounts of
soybean seeds. Minor adjustments were made in
the ingredients to keep the diets isonitrogenous
and isocaloric. The feed was served twice per
day and water was provided ad-libitum.
To the best of our knowledge, the effect of
sesame seeds on the semen quality of Ho
chickens has never been investigated. Therefore,
the objective of this study was to assess the
impact of sesame seed dietary supplementation
on the semen quality parameters of Ho cocks.
Semen collection and characterization
Semen was collected from the cockerels
once a week using the dorso-abdominal
massage, a modified technique as described by
Lake (1962). Semen was collected into 1.5mL
Eppendorf tubes. After ejaculate collection,
semen samples were stored at 4-10°C and
examined for the following traits: (1) Ejaculate
volume (mL) from individual cocks was
measured visually with the use of a prepared
clean graduated collection tube; (2) Semen
pH was determined by using pH test strips; and
(3) Concentration of spermatozoa was measured
Materials and Methods
This study was implemented at the chicken
farm of the Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam
National University of Agriculture.
Experimental design, animals, and housing
A total of 18 sexually mature and clinically
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Nguyen Thi Xuan et al. (2019)
Table 1. Ingredients and the chemical composition of the experimental diets fed to the Ho cocks (DM basis)
Control
Diets
5% SS
7% SS
(0% SS)
Ingredients (%)
Yellow corn
58
15
8
58
15
8
56
15
8
Full-fat soybean
Rice bran
DDGS
6.9
2
6.9
2
6.9
2
Fish meal
Limestone
1.5
1.8
0.2
1
1.5
1.8
0.2
1
1.5
1.8
0.2
1
Dicalcium phosphate (DCP)
Salt
Premix vit.mineral
Methionine
0.2
0.4
0
0.2
0.4
5
0.2
0.4
7
Lysine
Roasted sesame seeds
Roasted soybean seeds
Total
5
0
0
100
100
100
Proximate chemical compositions
Humidity (%)
9.14
2800
16.97
5.60
5.52
1.15
0.82
8.87
2810
17.05
5.72
5.79
1.15
0.86
8.62
2830
17.10
5.94
6.01
1.16
0.90
ME (Kcal kg-1)
Crude protein (%)
Crude lipid (%)
Crude fiber (%)
Ca (%)
P (%)
Note: SS = Sesame seed, DDGS = Distillers dried grains with solubles, ME = Metabolizable energy.
by implementing the direct cell count method.
A Neubauer chamber, which is used for counting
blood cells, was used to measure the
concentration of spermatozoa. Five µL of semen
was mixed with 495µL of saline solution (3%
NaCl). Ten µL of the diluted semen was then
placed on one end of the hemocytometer using a
micropipette and also on the other end to settle.
The loaded hemocytometer was then placed on
a microscope at a magnification of 40x. The
heads of spermatozoa that fell within the sub-
divided smaller squares at the four edges and
center of the hemocytometer were counted. The
average sperm count per individual was
calculated from two repeated measurements.
The concentration of sperm per volume was
estimated using the formula: C = N x 5 x 106,
where: C is the concentration of spermatozoa
per volume (sperm count mL-1), and N is the
number of spermatozoa counted.
To assess mass motility of sperm (%), a
drop of semen was placed on a microscope slide
using a micropipette, and then covered with a
glass coverslip to spread the semen in order to
have a uniform thickness and to prevent drying.
Thereafter, it was placed on a microscope with a
magnification of 40x for examination. The
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Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Dietary supplementation with sesame seeds to improve semen quality of Ho cocks
motility determination of the semen sample was
expressed as the percentage of sperm cells
showing forward motion, under their own power
(Ax et al., 2000). Sperm motility was also
scored to assess mass movement, aspects of
wave motion. The score was assigned between 0
(total sperm are motionless) and 5 (wave motion
varied rapidly, eddies are present) (Sonseeda et
al., 2013).
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel
(2016) and Minitab software version 16.1.0
(2010 Minitab Inc.). The overall means of the
semen quality characteristics were expressed as
the means and standard error (SE) of the means.
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
used to compare means with the Tukey test. P-
values of <0.05 were considered statistically
significant.
The percentage of abnormal sperm was
determined by using a 2% eosin stain. A drop of
fresh semen was mixed with a drop of eosin
stain on a glass slide followed by making a thin
smear of it. The spermatozoa were examined
under a digital camera (Optilab, Miconos,
Results and Discussion
Semen quality characteristics during the
adaptation period
The semen quality characteristics of the Ho
cocks in the three treatment groups were similar
during the adaptation period (Table 2).
Indonesia) connected to
a
conventional
microscope (Ceti, Belgium) and a computer at
40x magnification. At least 200 live spermatozoa
were counted to determine the percentage of
abnormal sperm according to Abu et al. (2013)
and Bah et al. (2001). The dead spermatozoa
were stained with eosin and appeared pink in
color, while the live spermatozoa were not
stained with eosin and appeared without any
color. Spermatozoa with spindle-shaped heads
and visible tails were considered as normal,
while spermatozoa with structural defects, e.g. a
simple bend at the midpiece, coiled head,
broken tail, loose head, or tail coiled below the
head of the spermatozoa, were considered
abnormal (Figure 1).
Semen ejaculate volume
The semen ejaculate volume showed similar
values (0.64-0.73mL) in the control, 5% SS, and
7% SS groups during the adaptation period.
These values are proportional to the results of
Hue et al. (2015) and Xuan et al. (2017) who
reported that the average ejaculate volumes of
Ho cocks were 0.63 and 0.70mL, respectively.
Almahdi et al. (2014) and Masindi &
Mphaphathi (2016) recorded that the average
ejaculate volume of Venda cockerels (a local
chicken breed from South Africa with a low
Figure 1. Photomicrography of Ho cock spermatozoa under a digital camera (Optilab, Miconos, Indonesia) connected to a
conventional microscope (Ceti, Belgium) and a computer at 40x magnification
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Nguyen Thi Xuan et al. (2019)
Table 2. Semen quality characteristics during the adaptation period
Control
(n = 12)
Mean
5% SS
7% SS
(n = 12)
(n = 12)
Parameter
P-value
SE
Mean
SE
Mean
SE
Semen volume (mL)
0.64
1.81
0.11
0.18
5.27
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.67
2.19
0.06
0.21
4.15
0.23
0.08
0.16
0.73
1.95
0.06
0.14
3.57
0.18
0.05
0.28
0.63
0.60
0.95
0.85
0.64
0.37
Sperm concentration (109 sperm mL-1)
Sperm motility (%)
70.00
3.08
67.50
2.86
69.38
3.01
Mass movement
Semen pH
7.52
7.63
7.68
Abnormal spermatozoa (%)
10.95
10.90
11.42
reproductive potential) and Arabic cockerels (an
indigenous chicken from Europe) were both
0.3mL. Differences in the live body weights of
the mature cocks, which were around 3.7kg in
the Ho breed, 2.3kg in the Venda breed, and
1.65kg in the Arabic breed, may account for the
substantial variation in ejaculate volume.
were similar (67.50-70%) (Table 2). These
values are in agreement with Peters et al. (2008)
who reported that sperm motility in fresh semen
of seven chicken breeds ranged from 60 to 90%.
However, these results were lower than the
average value of sperm motility (80.64%) in Ho
cocks as published by Xuan et al. (2017) and
that of sperm motility (90%) in the same breed
as reported by Doan et al. (2016). According to
Sonseeda et al. (2013), sperm motility of Thai
indigenous chickens was 88.2%. Akhlaghi et al.
(2014a) reported that a sperm motility of 80%
was observed in Arabic chickens whilst this
value in the Lingnam, Bangkok, and Kedu
chicken breeds was 84%.
Sperm concentration
Sperm concentration in the control, 5% SS,
and 7% SS groups were identical (1.81-2.19 x
109 sperm mL-1) during the adaptation period.
This result was equivalent to the sperm
concentration of 2.07 x 109 sperm mL-1 in Ho
cocks published by Xuan et al. (2017) but
higher than that of 0.95 x 109 sperm mL-1 in the
same breed reported by Hue et al. (2015). The
relative influence of various reproductive
glands, management, and the extent to which
the genetic potential is exploited may be
responsible for this differentiation (Gee et al.,
2004). Indeed, many studies have published
higher sperm counts in other native chicken
breeds. Tuncer et al. (2008) and Obidi et al.
(2008) reported the mean sperm concentrations
of 2.4 x 109 sperm mL-1 in Gerze cocks and 3.6
x 109 sperm mL-1 in Shikabrown cocks,
respectively. Siudzinska & Lukaszewick (2008)
stated sperm counts of 4.2 x 109 sperm mL-1 in
the Black Minorcas breed and 4.7 x 109 sperm
mL-1 in White Crested Black Polish cocks.
Sonseeda et al. (2013) reported the average
sperm count of 4.3 x 109 sperm mL-1 in Thai
indigenous chickens.
Mass movement
The average mass movement scores of the
Ho spermatozoa in the control, 5% SS, and 7%
SS groups were 2.86-3.08. These values were
lower than the results of Hue et al. (2015) and
Xuan et al. (2017) who reported the average
mass movement scores of Ho cocks were 3.3
and 3.8, respectively. Moreover, the values of
the mass movement scores in Ho spermatozoa
were lower than those in other native chickens.
Nataamijaya et al. (2003) recorded the
movement of spermatozoa in Arabian chicken
had a score of 4.02 (as cited in Almahdi et al.
(2014)). According to Sonseeda et al. (2013),
the average mass movement score of Thai
indigenous chicken spermatozoa was 4.3.
Semen pH
Sperm motility
Donoghue & Wishart (2000) stated that
chicken semen pH often ranges from 6.0-8.0.
Semen with a pH below 6.0 generally has
The motility of spermatozoa of the Ho
cocks in the control, 5% SS, and 7% SS groups
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Dietary supplementation with sesame seeds to improve semen quality of Ho cocks
decreased sperm motility, lactic acid production,
and oxygen uptake, while a high semen pH
(>8.0) increases the metabolic rate during in
vitro semen storage (Donoghue & Wishart,
2000). The correlation between semen pH,
sperm motility, and the metabolic rate was also
reported by Masindi & Mphaphathi (2016). The
semen pH values of the Ho cocks in the control,
5% SS, and 7% SS groups were 7.52-7.68
(Table 2) which are in accordance with the
findings of the mentioned studies. The results in
the current study are higher than the semen pH
values of 7.44 and 7.20 in Ho cocks which were
reported by Xuan et al. (2017) and Hue et al.
(2015), respectively. Moreover, Almahdi et al.
(2014) recorded lower average values of semen
pH in four local chicken breeds including
Lingnam (from China), Bangkok (from
Thailand), Kedu (from Indonesia), and Arabic
chickens (from Europe) which were 6.92, 6.98,
6.98, and 7.04, respectively.
greater in the 7% SS group compared with the
control group (P <0.05), whereas the percentage
of abnormal spermatozoa was lower (P <0.05).
The control group showed the lowest semen
volume and sperm concentration but the highest
abnormal spermatozoa percentage. Other traits
involving sperm motility, mass movement, and
semen pH were not affected by the dietary
treatments.
The effects of the treatments on specific
traits during the ten weeks of the experimental
period are presented in Figures 2-7. Semen
volume was improved in the group fed 7% SS
compared to the control and 5% SS groups,
however, the differences were not significant
across the ten weeks (Figure 2). Sperm
concentration showed increasing values in the
three groups throughout the study period, and
the 7% SS group presented slightly higher
values than the other groups, but the values
were not considerably different (Figure 3).
When comparing sperm concentration within
each group, no variation for a considered group
was observed during the period of semen
analysis. Sperm motility showed no substantial
differences between the three groups throughout
the study period (Figure 4). Mass movement
and semen pH showed the same patterns as
sperm motility with no significant improvement
in the treatment groups compared to the control
group from weeks 1-10 (Figures 5 and 6,
Abnormal spermatozoa
Sperm abnormalities show disruptions of
the spermatogenesis process (Bah et al., 2001).
Toelihere (1985) supposed that sperm
abnormalities vary from 5 to 20% (as cited in
Almahdi et al. (2014)). Moreover, an abnormal
spermatozoa rate higher than 25% will decrease
fertility (Almahdi et al., 2014). The results
showed that the percentage of abnormal
spermatozoa in the control, 5% SS, and 7% SS
groups were 10.90-11.42% (Table 2). These
values in the current study are lower than those
of 12.06% in Ho cocks (Doan et al., 2016), of
12.29% in Dong Tao cocks (Tham et al., 2017),
and of 12.2% in Mia cocks (Tha, 2006).
respectively).
Concerning
the
abnormal
spermatozoa trait, significant improvement in the
group fed 7% SS was observed compared to the
control (Figure 7).
Chicken spermatozoa are rich in PUFAs
which make them vulnerable to oxidative stress
and lipid peroxidation (Surai et al., 1998; Eid et
al., 2006) and therefore, reduce their motility
and fertility (Sanocka & Kurpisz, 2004; Khan,
2011). To lessen chicken spermatozoa quality
loss, different antioxidants have been
investigated. Lycopene, a carotenoid existing in
vegetables and fruits, showed a positive effect
on semen volume and sperm concentration of
broiler breeder males when supplemented in
drinking water (Mangiagalli et al., 2010).
Likewise, dietary ginger powder improved
Semen quality characteristics during the
experimental period
To our knowledge, no previous studies have
examined the effect of SS on the sperm quality
of chickens. In general, our results proposed that
sesame seeds had a positive influence on the
semen quality characteristics of Ho cocks,
significantly shown in the three parameters of
semen volume, sperm concentration, and
abnormal spermatozoa (Table 3). Semen
ejaculate volume and sperm concentration were
381
Nguyen Thi Xuan et al. (2019)
sperm forward motility and live sperm
percentage, and decreased abnormal sperm in
aged breeder cocks (Akhlaghi et al., 2014a). It
was also previously reported that sperm
concentration and sperm membrane integrity
were significantly enhanced in aging Ross 308
breeder cocks fed dried apple pomace (Akhlaghi
et al., 2014b). Moreover, positive effects were
established on semen concentration, sperm
forward motility and viability, semen volume,
Table 3. Semen quality characteristics during the experimental period
Control
5% SS
7% SS
(n = 60)
(n = 60)
(n = 60)
P-value
Parameter
Mean
SE
Mean
SE
Mean
SE
Semen volume (mL)
Sperm concentration (109 sperms mL-1)
Sperm motility (%)
0.82b
2.81b
70.00
3.26
0.03
0.17
1.47
0.03
0.03
0.12
0.91ab
3.17ab
73.29
3.22
0.04
0.15
1.44
0.05
0.03
0.12
1.02a
3.68a
72.00
3.31
0.04
0.19
1.15
0.06
0.02
0.12
0.000
0.002
0.54
0.59
0.45
0.01
Mass movement
Semen pH
7.60
7.53
7.53
Abnormal spermatozoa (%)
11.04a
10.74ab
10.51b
Note: Different superscripts within a row indicate a significant difference (P <0.05).
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Week 1-2 Week 3-4 Week 5-6 Week 7-8 Week 9-10
Control 5% SS 7% SS
Figure 2. Semen volume (mL) in the studied groups (control: no supplementation, 5% SS: receiving 5% of sesame seeds per cock,
and 7% SS: receiving 7% of sesame seeds per cock) during the 10 weeks of semen analysis. Values are expressed as means ± SE.
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Week 1-2 Week 3-4 Week 5-6 Week 7-8 Week 9-10
Control
5% SS
7% SS
Figure 3. Sperm concentration (x 109 sperm mL-1) in the studied groups (control: no supplementation, 5% SS: receiving 5% of
sesame seeds per cock, and 7% SS: receiving 7% of sesame seeds per cock) during the 10 weeks of semen analysis.
Values are expressed as means ± SE.
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Dietary supplementation with sesame seeds to improve semen quality of Ho cocks
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Week 1-2 Week 3-4 Week 5-6 Week 7-8 Week 9-10
Control
5% SS
7% SS
Figure 4. Sperm motility (%) in the studied groups (control: no supplementation, 5% SS: receiving 5% of sesame seeds per cock,
and 7% SS: receiving 7% of sesame seeds per cock) during the 10 weeks of semen analysis.
Values are expressed as means ± SE.
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Week 1-2 Week 3-4 Week 5-6 Week 7-8 Week 9-10
Control
5% SS
7% SS
Figure 5. Mass movement (%) in the studied groups (control: no supplementation, 5% SS: receiving 5% of sesame seeds per cock,
and 7% SS: receiving 7% of sesame seeds per cock) during the 10 weeks of semen analysis.
Values are expressed as means ± SE.
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Week 1-2 Week 3-4 Week 5-6 Week 7-8 Week 9-10
Control
5% SS
7% SS
Figure 6. Semen pH in the studied groups (control: no supplementation, 5% SS: receiving 5% of sesame seeds per cock, and 7%
SS: receiving 7% of sesame seeds per cock) during the 10 weeks of semen analysis. Values are expressed as means ± SE.
383
Nguyen Thi Xuan et al. (2019)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Week 1-2 Week 3-4 Week 5-6 Week 7-8 Week 9-10
Control 5% SS 7% SS
Figure 7. Abnormal spermatozoa (%) in the studied groups (control: no supplementation, 5% SS: receiving 5% of sesame seeds
per cock, and 7% SS: receiving 7% of sesame seeds per cock) during the 10 weeks of semen analysis.
Values are expressed as means ± SE.
and sperm plasma membrane functionality when
feeding rosemary leaf powder to breeder cocks
(Borghei-Rad et al., 2017).
spermatogenesis by providing antioxidant
substances.
In the current study, the improvements
observed are possibly associated with the high
levels of minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant
lignans (phytoestrogens) in sesame products
(Shittu & Bankole, 2007). Amini et al. (2013)
reported that sesame seed intake (30% of total
diet) improved testicular parameters (number of
epithelium cells and percentage volume of
epithelial, lumen, and interstitial of these
tubules, P <0.0001), increased LH concentration
(P <0.03), increased fertility, and increased
sperm production in male Wistar rats.
According to Dimitrous (2006), sesame seeds
and sesame lignans could also work to enhance
the activity of vitamin E to potentially protect
low-density lipoproteins against oxidative
damage. In addition, dietary vitamin E and
organic selenium have been shown to have a
synergistic effect in reducing lipid peroxidation
and enhancing the antioxidative status of
chicken semen, therefore, improving the
spermatozoa count and number of live
spermatozoa (Ebeid, 2012).
Conclusions
Semen
quality
characteristics
were
improved in Ho cocks by supplementing their
diet with sesame seeds. Semen volume and
sperm concentration were increased and
abnormal spermatozoa were reduced in Ho
chickens receiving 7% of sesame seeds in their
diets. Therefore, dietary supplementation with
sesame seeds is recommended in terms of male-
savings to enhance the reproductive and
economic efficiencies.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the AI Program
between L’Académie de Recherche et
d’Enseignement supérieur Commission de la
Coopération au Développement (ARES-CCD)
and Vietnam National University of Agriculture
(VNUA), and VNUA (Grant No. T2018-02-13)
for providing the financial support for this
research.
In our study, no significant differences were
shown regarding sperm motility, mass
movement, and semen pH between the group
receiving 5% SS and the group receiving 7% SS
per cock. These results propose that the effects
of sesame seeds are articulated throughout
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