Effects of organic fertilizer and HB101 plant vitalizer on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
ISSN 2588-1299
VJAS 2019; 2(2): 357-369
Vietnam Journal
of Agricultural
Sciences
Effects of Organic Fertilizer and HB101
Plant Vitalizer on the Growth and Yield of
Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Nguyen Thi Loan1 & Nguyen Ngoc Hung2
1Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000,
Vietnam
2Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, Field Crop Research Institute, Hanoi
134000, Vietnam
Abstract
To study the effects of organic fertilizer and HB101 organic plant
vitalizer on the growth and yield components of the BH9 rice
variety, a field experiment with 4 x 3 factorial design was conducted
at Hong Thai commune, Kien Xuong district, Thai Binh province in
2017 summer season using a randomized complete block design
with 3 replications. Organic fertilizer derived from chicken manure
and peat was applied at 3 levels (0 ton ha-1, 4 tons ha-1, and 6 tons
ha-1) while the HB101 plant vitalizer was sprayed in 4 levels (0%,
0.015%, 0.025%, and 0.035%; the amount of water to dilute HB101
was 1000 litre ha-1). The application of the organic fertilizer alone
and the combination of organic fertilizer and HB101 positively
increased the total tiller number, effective tiller number, leaf area
index (LAI), SPAD value, dry matter accumulation, yield
components, and grain yield of rice. There were also differences in
the SPAD values (at flowering stage), dry matter weight (at active
tillering stage), and 1000 grain weight under the influence of the
HB101 solution. The combination of 6 tons ha-1 organic fertilizer
and HB101 significantly increased the grain yield as compared to
the other treatments, and the highest grain yield (3.03 tons ha-1) was
obtained when organic fertilizer (6 tons ha-1) was applied in
combination with HB101 plant vitalizer (0.025%).
Keywords
Rice, grain yield, organic fertilizer, plant vitalizer
Received: July 13, 2018
Accepted: June 19, 2019
Introduction
Correspondence to
ntloan@vnua.edu.vn
Over the past few decades, the use of chemical fertilizers has
widely increased throughout the world. However, the application of
synthetic fertilizers is costly and can cause environmental problems.
Excessive and continuous applications of fertilizers are associated
with the depletion of soil organic matter (Ghoneim et al., 2007),
ORCID
Loan Nguyen
357
Effects of organic fertilizer and HB101 plant vitalizer on the growth and yield of rice
high levels of residual nitrate and other toxins in
the soil, which potentially lead to water and
atmospheric pollution, soil acidity, and pest
problems (Siavoshi et al., 2011). They may also
adversely affect crop productivity and quality,
which are attributed partly to the decreasing N-
supplying capacity of the soil. As such, it is
important to sustain and improve the inherent
N-supplying capacity of the soil by increasing
the potential of the nutrient recycling process in
the soil (Javier et al., 2002). Nowadays, interest
in organic agriculture is growing in order to
maintain and improve soil quality, in addition to
increasing crop yield and quality. Therefore, the
effective use of organic materials from farm
wastes in rice farming is also likely to be
promoted.
Organic methods in agriculture production
have become increasingly popular as a result of
consumer demand. Organic inputs can release a
continuous and steady nitrogen source as
needed by plants (Moe et al., 2017). However,
if too much nitrogen is applied, whether in the
form of organic matter or inorganic fertilizer,
some of the excess nitrogen is converted to
nitrate. If nitrate is not absorbed by plant roots,
it is carried away by runoff or leaches into the
soil along with water. Liu et al. (2014) reported
that there are close relationships between the
excessive amounts of nitrogen and both crop
yield decreases and environmental problems
such as soil and water pollution, eutrophication,
the greenhouse effect, and acid rain. As a result,
there is increasing interest in identifying the
optimum doses of organic materials for their
effectiveness in submerged crops such as rice.
The application of organic materials plays a
vital role in agriculture because these materials
supply various kinds of plant nutrients,
HB101 is a natural growth promoter for
plants, flowers, and crop production that is
specially processed by blending organic extracts
from renewable resources. This all-natural
solution works to improve growth processes and
support plant immune function, while helping to
reduce the demand for costly chemicals
(Mohammatdi et al., 2012). Thus, our goals
were to study the influence of the integrated
applications of different doses of organic
fertilizer and organic solution HB101 on rice
growth and yield.
including
micronutrients,
improve
soil
properties by stabilizing the pH and CEC of
soil, maintain soil organic matter, increase the
nutrient holding capacity and buffering
capacity, control the soil moisture, and enhance
the microbial activity and nutrient cycle in the
soil (Ghoneim et al., 2007; Myint et al., 2010).
These lead to soil stabilization, which is
necessary for sustainable agriculture systems.
Many previous studies have reported the
effects of organic materials on the growth and
yield of rice. Myint et al. (2010, 2011) showed
that tiller number, plant height, SPAD value,
dry matter weight, and grain yield of rice
drastically increased in all the organic manure
treatments compared to the control with no
fertilizer application. Ohyama et al. (1998) and
Javier et al. (2002) recorded significant
increases of rice grain yield under the
consecutive application of organic materials
over three years. Ghoneim (2007) indicated that
the application of different kinds of organic
materials including poultry manure and sewage
sludge increased grain yield more than the
treatment of inorganic fertilizer. Thereby,
organic fertilizer has been shown to be as good
as chemical fertilizer in improving the growth
and yield of rice.
Materials and Methods
A field experiment with 4 x 3 factorial
design was conducted in the summer season of
2017 at Hong Thai, Kien Xuong, Thai Binh,
Vietnam with the Bac Huong 9 (BH9) rice
variety - a quality variety with a high yield
potential. In July 2017, 3 x 5-m plots were made
by inserting plastic frames into the subsoil layer
in a large paddy field. The experiment was laid
out in a randomized complete block design with
three replications.
The first factor was the organic fertilizer
provided by the Center for Organic Agriculture
Promotion and Studies (COAPs) (Vietnam
National University of Agriculture). It was
produced from chicken manure and peat, and
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Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Nguyen Thi Loan & Nguyen Ngoc Hung (2019)
contained 1.1% N, 0.5% P2O5, and 0.6% K2O.
The organic fertilizer was fully applied 3 days
before transplanting at three levels: P0 (0 ton ha-1),
P1 (4 tons ha-1), and P2 (6 tons ha-1).
plot. Another five plant samples were harvested
at the effective tillering stage, flowering stage,
and maturity stage for measurements of SPAD
values and leaf area index (LAI). SPAD values
were measured using a chlorophyll meter
(Konica Minolta Chlorophyll meter SPAD 502
(Japan)), then the sample leaves and the
remaining leaves were dried separately in an
oven at 80oC for 48h for the determination of
the dry matter weight.
The second factor was HB101, a Japanese
natural plant vitalizer made from essences of
cedars, Japanese cypress, pines, and plantains.
A mineral analysis from this product revealed
the following information: pH (concentrate) =
4.0; pH (1000X dilution) = 6.5; sodium 155.3
mg/gallon; calcium 125 mg/gallon; iron 6.8
mg/gallon; magnesium 12.5 mg/gallon; and
silicon 28 mg/gallon. HB101 in solution is
reported to help strengthen the leaves’ cells and
stems’ cell membranes, increase the plant’s
photosynthetic efficiency, enhance the activity
of soil micro-organisms, and maintain the
balance of plant nutrients according to the
manufacturer. These result in stronger root,
stem, and leaf systems, and stronger, healthier
plants. In this study, the HB101 solution was
applied with four spray concentrations by
volume: N0 (0%), N1 (0.015%), N2 (0.025%),
and N3 (0.035%). The amount of water used to
dilute the HB101 solution for 1ha was 1000
litres. The diluted HB101 solution was applied
two times using a hand spray bottle: 10 days
after transplanting and at the flowering stage.
At harvest time, the number of panicles per
m2 of soil, number of grains per panicle,
thousand-grain weight, filled grain rate, and
grain yield were measured; grain yield was
recorded from the sampling area (5m2) of each
experimental plot.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
performed to determine the effects of fertilizer
levels, HB101 spray levels and their interaction
using the CROPSTAT software. Least
significant difference (LSD) at the 5% level of
probability was used to evaluate the differences
among treatment means.
Results and Discussion
The results of the soil analysis before
fertilization
Rice was transplanted with three seedlings
per hill at a density of 25 hills m-2 with 25cm x
25cm spacing. Irrigation was conducted as a
common management practice together with the
surrounding area. Hand weeding was conducted
as necessary. Disease control measures, which
are recommended for rice, were followed to
prevent any disease.
The results of the soil analysis showed that
the soil sample was neutral in terms of pH (pH
= 6.55), and considered high in organic matter
(2.17%), medium in total nitrogen (0.165% N),
medium in available nitrogen (12mg/100gr
soil), low in total phosphorus (0.035% P2O5),
and low in total potassium (0.26% K2O).
Soil samples (0-15cm) were collected
before the fertilizer applications to determine
the soil pH, percentage of organic matter (OM),
percentage of total nitrogen, exchangeable
nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium.
The soil characteristics were analysed in the
Center for International Plant Research Vietnam
- Japan (Vietnam National University of
Agriculture).
The effects of the organic fertilizer doses and
HB101 spray levels on the plant growth
characteristics
High doses of organic fertilizer led to
increased plant growth parameters. The highest
values of all the plant growth parameters were
recorded in the P2 treatment. There were no
significant differences in the mean plant height
and number of leaves under organic fertilizer
application; however, the organic fertilizer
doses dramatically affected the total number of
tillers and the number of effective tillers of rice.
The growth indicators, including plant
height, number of leaves per main tiller, and
number of tillers per hill, were measured weekly
on five plant samples from each experimental
359
Effects of organic fertilizer and HB101 plant vitalizer on the growth and yield of rice
In terms of the HB101 solution, there were no
significant differences among treatments in all
the measured plant growth parameters. Higher
application levels of HB101 tended to increase
the number of effective tillers (Table 1).
poultry manure in their experiments. Gautam
(2013) and Gafar et al. (2014) indicated that
increased applications of organic fertilizer
resulted in significant increases in the number of
effective tillers.
Higher values of the plant growth
indicators, including the number of tillers and
number of leaves, might be due to the higher
availability of nitrogen from the organic
fertilizer and a possible increase in the nutrient
absorption capacity of the plants as a result of
better root development and increased
translocation of carbohydrates from sources to
growing points (Siavoshi et al., 2011). In the
study of Siddaram et al. (2010), the significant
increase in plant height might have been due to
the greater availability of nutrients from organic
sources. Similar results were observed in the
studies of Ghoneim (2007) and Singh et al.
(2017), who indicated that organic sources
positively affected plant growth due to offering
more balanced nutrition to the plants, especially
micronutrients, and enhancing the availability of
soil microorganisms that are able to convert the
unavailable forms of nutrient elements to
available forms. In our present study, the
differences in the mean plant heights and
number of leaves were not recorded, however,
the number of total tillers and effective tillers
were significantly different. These results were
The interacting effects of the organic
fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels on the
plant growth indicators are shown in Table 2.
There were no significant differences in the
plant height and number of leaves among the
treatments, but all the treatments recorded
significant differences among the number of
total tillers and effective tillers. High spray
levels of the HB101 solution significantly
increased the number of tillers and effective
tillers per hill under the P1 and P2 treatments in
comparison with the P0 treatment. The highest
tiller number and effective tiller number were
recorded under the P2N3 treatment with 8.87
tillers and 7.93 tillers, respectively.
Increases in plant growth under different
rates of organic inputs have been recorded in
previous studies. In the study of Siddaram et al.
(2010), the different growth parameters such as
plant height and the number of tillers were
significantly influenced by various levels of
nitrogen through organic sources. Myint et al.
(2010) and Siavoshi et al. (2011) observed
significant increases in plant height and total
tiller numbers under high applied doses of
Table 1. Effects of the organic fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels on plant growth characteristics of rice variety BH9 in the
summer season
Treatment
Plant height
(cm)
Tiller number
(tillers per hill)
Effective tiller number
(tillers per hill)
Leaf number
(leaves per tiller)
Organic fertilizer doses
0 ton ha-1 (P0)
4 tons ha-1 (P1)
6 tons ha-1 (P2)
LSD0.05 P
107.4a
107.5a
110.1a
5.41
8.00b
8.28ab
8.55a
0.32
6.90b
7.38a
7.47a
0.47
10.8a
10.8a
11.0a
0.60
HB101 spray levels
0% (N0)
108.5a
109.4a
107.6a
107.8a
6.25
8.24a
8.31a
8.20a
8.36a
0.36
7.02a
7.33a
7.20a
7.44a
0.55
10.8a
10.9a
10.8a
10.8a
0.69
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
LSD0.05 N
Note: Values followed by different letters within a column indicate significant differences at a 5% probability level.
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Nguyen Thi Loan & Nguyen Ngoc Hung (2019)
Table 2. Interacting effects of the organic fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels on the plant growth characteristics of the rice
variety BH9 in the summer season
Treatment
HB101 spray
Effective tiller
number
Plant height
(cm)
Tiller number
(tillers per hill)
Leaf number
(leaves per tiller)
Organic fertilizer
(tillers per hill)
levels
0% (N0)
105.0a
111.7a
107.9a
104.7a
110.8a
105.5a
105.9a
107.9a
109.8a
111.1a
108.8a
110.7a
10.82
5.9
8.07bc
8.00bc
7.93c
6.77ab
6.73b
6.97ab
7.23ab
7.33ab
7.47ab
7.13ab
6.73 ab
7.33ab
7.20ab
7.40ab
7.67a
0.93
10.6a
11.2a
10.8a
10.5a
11.0a
10.5a
10.7a
10.9a
10.9a
11.1a
10.9a
11.1a
1.21
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
0% (N0)
0 ton ha-1 (P0)
8.00bc
8.47abc
8.33abc
8.13bc
8.20bc
8.20bc
8.60ab
8.53abc
8.87a
0.63
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
0% (N0)
4 tons ha-1 (P1)
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
6 tons ha-1 (P2)
LSD0.05 P x N
CV%
4.3
8.5
6.6
due to the fact that the application of organic
fertilizer resulted in better activities of soil
micro-organisms and maintenance of the
necessary balance of soil nutrients, which are
associated with the smooth distribution of
carbohydrates in plants. Besides, the available
macronutrients, especially nitrogen from the
organic fertilizer combined with ionized
minerals from the HB101 solution, were
absorbed into the plants and cell fluid, which
not only strengthened the plant cells but also led
to cell division.
the LAI values at the stage of active tillering
was found to be significant, and higher LAI
values were observed under higher rates of
organic fertilizer application (P1 and P2
treatments). However, there was no effect of the
organic fertilizer doses on LAI at the other
measured stages. Similar results in terms of the
effects of the HB101 spray levels were observed
for LAI at all three measurement times (Figure 1).
The experimental results showed significant
differences in the interacting effect of the
organic fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels
on LAI at all the measured stages (Table 3). At
the stage of active tillering, under combinations
with high rates of organic fertilizer application (P1
and P2 treatments), the N3 treatment showed a
higher LAI value compared to the other HB101
application levels. Thereby, the highest LAI at
this stage was obtained from the highest rates of
the organic fertilizer and HB101 solution in
The effects of the organic fertilizer doses and
HB101 spray levels on the bio-physiological
characteristics
Leaf area index
The results showed that under all the
treatments, LAI at the early growth stages
increased slightly over time and at the later
stages, it increased further. The maximum LAI
of rice was observed at the flowering stage and
then it decreased due to wilting and the falling
of lower leaves (Figure 1).
combination. At the flowering stage,
a
combination of the P2 treatment with the HB101
solution recorded a higher LAI value in
comparison with the other treatments; therefore,
the highest LAI was shown under the P2N1
treatment. The P0N0 treatment also showed a
higher LAI value as compared to the other
The effect of the organic fertilizer doses on
361
Effects of organic fertilizer and HB101 plant vitalizer on the growth and yield of rice
Figure 1. Effects of the organic fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels on the LAI index of the BH9 rice variety in the summer season
Table 3. Interacting effects of the organic fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels on the physiological indicators of the BH9 rice variety in the summer season
Treatment
LAI (m2 of leaves/m2 of soil)
SPAD
Dry matter weight (g plant-1)
Active
tillering
stage
Active
tillering
stage
Maturity
Organic
fertilizer
Flowering
stage
Maturity
stage
Flowering
stage
HB101 spray levels Active tillering stage Flowering stage Maturity stage
stage
0% (N0)
2.21bc
2.34abc
2.06c
3.40ab
3.18abc
2.99bc
2.90c
2.22ab
2.35ab
2.20ab
2.23ab
2.18ab
2.10b
38.69ab
36.14ab
37.97ab
39.73a
35.27b
38.93ab
36.81ab
39.80a
34.59d
35.13cd
34.26d
31.67ab
30.11b
32.48ab
31.25ab
29.55b
31.75ab
34.83a
32.54ab
8.50f
8.25f
26.35abc
20.81d
32.89c
38.61ab
36.58bc
36.70abc
40.47ab
40.14ab
39.14ab
38.96ab
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
0% (N0)
0 ton ha-1
(P0)
8.55ef
7.81g
8.25fg
8.43fg
9.21de
9.67cd
23.43cd
25.23abc
24.11cd
26.59abc
25.93abc
24.32cd
2.34abc
2.27abc
2.36abc
2.35abc
2.40ab
35.47abcd
34.29d
3.27abc
3.39ab
3.29abc
3.34ab
36.55abc
36.99ab
37.10a
4 tons ha-1
(P1)
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
2.36a
2.28ab
0% (N0)
2.49ab
2.30abc
2.35abc
2.53a
0.33
3.08abc
3.45a
3.26abc
3.38ab
0.44
2.39a
2.30ab
2.25ab
2.38a
0.26
40.11a
37.05ab
38.07ab
38.27ab
4.28
35.24bcd
35.39abcd
36.05abcd
35.71abcd
1.83
32.21ab
32.61ab
34.51a
33.19ab
4.18
10.73ab
10.31bc
11.08a
11.38a
0.69
24.90bc
28.89ab
29.08a
27.00abc
4.08
41.45ab
40.21ab
41.81a
40.64ab
5.21
6 tons ha-1
(P2)
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
LSD0.05 P x N
CV%
8.5
6.9
9.5
6.6
3.0
7.7
4.3
9.4
7.9
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Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Nguyen Thi Loan & Nguyen Ngoc Hung (2019)
treatments; however, the LAI values did not
differ significantly with the P2N3, P1N1, and
P1N3 treatments. At the maturity stage, the
combinations of the highest rate of organic
fertilizer application (P2 treatment) with the
different treatments of the HB101 solution
recorded significantly higher LAI values in
comparison with the others. Under the P1 and
P0 treatments, higher HB101 spray levels
resulted in increased LAI. However, there were
no significant differences in LAI values among
these treatments, excepting the P1N1 treatment,
which recorded the lowest LAI at the maturity
stage (Table 3).
but steadily released nitrogen (N) during the
growth stage of rice; and at the maturity stage,
the
N
content decreased from manure
decomposition due to plant uptake. At the
flowering stage, increased doses of organic
fertilizer and HB101 application tended to raise
the SPAD values. At the other stages, the P2
treatment recorded higher SPAD readings as
compared to the P1 and P0 treatments, however,
no significant differences were found among the
treatments of the organic fertilizer rates.
Besides, higher HB101 applications led to
increased SPAD values only at the flowering
stage (Figure 2).
The results in Table 3 show that the
interacting effects of the organic fertilizer doses
and HB101 spray levels on the SPAD values of
the BH9 rice variety were significantly different
at all three measurement times. At the active
tillering stage, the P2N0, P1N3, and P0N3
treatments recorded dramatically higher SPAD
values than the other treatments, however, there
was no difference among them. The data
supports that higher applications of organic
fertilizer and the HB101 solution might cause
increased SPAD values on rice at this stage.
Siddaram et al. (2010) reported that the
development of leaf area is an important factor
that could affect a crop’s response to added
nitrogen. Their study showed significant effects
of various levels of nitrogen from organic
sources on LAI, and they concluded that larger
leaf area development aids in more interception
of light leading to higher dry matter production.
Similar findings were presented in the study of
Srivastava (2016).
Islam et al. (2015) indicated that the
increase in LAI caused by increases in the
number of tillers and in the size of successive
leaves was due to the presence of increased
doses of N. Dash et al. (2011) showed that
sufficient availability of N helps in vigorous
growth of leaves and foliage since a higher
number of leaves with expanded leaf blades are
produced, hence, LAI also increases. In the
present study, we recorded significant increases
in LAI values due to increases in the application
of the organic fertilizer and HB101 solution.
More available nutrients from higher doses of
organic sources by application of fertilizer and
the HB101 solution increased the number of tillers
and the number of leaves per hill (Table 1),
leading to higher LAI values.
At the flowering stage, under the P1
treatment, high levels of HB101 dramatically
increased the SPAD values in comparison with
the P2 treatment, excepting the P1N0 treatment,
which showed the lowest SPAD reading. Under
the P2 treatment, higher HB101 applications
reported higher SPAD values; however, this
parameter was on par with the P2N1, P2N2, and
P2N3 treatments. In terms of a combination of
the P0 treatment and HB101 solution, the SPAD
value was lower than the other treatments. At
the maturity stage, under the P1 and P2
treatments, higher levels of HB101 application
reported higher SPAD readings. Besides, the N2
treatment showed the highest SPAD values
under combinations with different rates of
organic fertilizer application.
Chlorophyll content (SPAD value)
Similar results with the present study were
reported in different previous studies. Myint et
al. (2010, 2011) indicated that greater SPAD
values were observed in response to a higher
application of different types of organic
The data showed that the SPAD values
differed dramatically under the influence of
organic fertilizer rates and the HB101 spray
levels only at the flowering stage. This might be
due to the fact that the organic sources slowly
363
Effects of organic fertilizer and HB101 plant vitalizer on the growth and yield of rice
Figure 2. Effects of the organic fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels on the SPAD values of the BH 9 rice variety in the sumer
season
manures due to higher decomposable nutrient
contents. The lower SPAD values in the
different treatments might have been due to
shortages of available nutrients (especially N) in
the soil since the nutrients in the decomposable
organic matter had been decreased by plant
uptake. The organic manure treatments
produced fluctuations in the SPAD values at all
the growth stages, and these were higher than
those of the treatments without fertilizer
applications (Moe et al., 2017).
under the influence of the organic fertilizer and
increases in the organic fertilizer rate led to
increased dry matter weight. The highest dry
matter weight was recorded under the P2
treatment, which was significantly different
from the P1 and P0 treatments at the flowering
stage and was on par with the P1 treatment at
the maturity stage. In terms of the HB101
solution, high levels of this factor resulted in
higher dry matter accumulation; however, there
were no significant differences among the
treatments at the flowering and maturity stages.
At the active tillering stage, the N2 and N3
treatments dramatically increased the rice dry
matter as compared to the N0 and N1
treatments, which were on par with each other
(Figure 3).
The study of Erdal et al. (2016) showed that
there are close correlations between the SPAD
reading, leaf greenness, chlorophyll content, and
nutrient
contents,
including
nitrogen,
magnesium, and iron, and these elements play a
vital role in chlorophyll synthesis. In our study,
we recorded significant differences in SPAD
values among all the treatments, which tended
to increase under high doses of the organic
fertilizer and HB101 solution at all the
measured stages. This was due to the fact that
the higher availability of different nutrients
from the organic sources of fertilizer and
HB101 led to more nutrients being absorbed
into the plants and transferred to the upper
leaves, which resulted in greener leaves, higher
SPAD values, and a higher photosynthetic
efficiency.
It can be observed that the combination of
the organic fertilizer and HB101 solution
dramatically
affected
the
dry
matter
accumulation of the BH9 rice variety at all the
growing stages (Table 3). Higher applications
of the organic fertilizer and HB101 solution
tended to increase the dry matter weight at the
three measurement times. It seems that the
nutrients released from this combination could
have helped in balancing the availability of
nutrients and enhanced the soil’s physical,
chemical, and biological properties at all the
stages. Rao et al. (2014) showed that the
improved uptake of nutrients led to increased
Dry matter weight
The experimental results showed that the
dry matter of the BH9 rice variety samples
significantly differed at all the growing stages
chlorophyll
formation
and
improved
photosynthesis, thereby increasing the plant
364
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Nguyen Thi Loan & Nguyen Ngoc Hung (2019)
Figure 3. Effects of the organic fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels on the dry matter weight of the BH9 rice variety in the
summer season
height, the number of leaves, and the number of
tillers per unit area. This led to the production of
higher dry matter in rice. Gautam (2013)
reported that the application of organic manure
had a significant effect on dry matter
accumulation. The dry matter accumulation was
highest with the highest application of organic
manure (20 tons ha-1) and was reduced when the
applied organic manure rate was decreased. This
may be due to the fact that organic manure
provides better growing conditions for plants
through a continuous supply of nutrients and
improvement of soil properties.
reported in the study of Gautam (2013). In
addition, nitrogen might have been involved in
the various physiological activities like
increased photosynthetic activity and better light
interception, which, in turn, resulted in higher
dry matter accumulation (Siddaram et al.,
2010).
The effects of the fertilizer doses and spray
levels of the HB101 solution on the yield
parameters and grain yield
The results presented in Table 4 indicate
that there were differences in the number of
panicles per m2, potential yield, and grain yield
with increased levels of organic fertilizer
application, however, the organic fertilizer did
not affect the number of grains per panicle or
the 1000 grain weight. All the parameters were
progressively augmented by incremental levels
of fertilizer up to the highest dose tested. The P2
treatment significantly increased the mean grain
yield (2.82 tons ha-1) as compared to the P1 and
P0 treatments, which were on par with each
other. In terms of the HB101 solution, this
factor did not influence the yield components or
grain yield of the rice variety BH9 in the
summer season, excepting the 1000 grain
weight parameter. However, higher applications
of the HB101 solution (N2 and N3 treatments)
led to increases in all the parameter values as
compared to the N0 and N1 treatments.
The role of nutrient sources has long been
recognized to have positive effects on rice,
causing significant increases in dry matter
production and LAI with every increase in the
level of fertility (Srivastava et al., 2016). Myint
et al. (2010) reported that among all
applications, high levels of poultry manure in
the experimental soil gave the highest dry
matter rates, which might be due to the greater
nutrient availability and high major nutrients
content (such as N, P, and K) of the poultry
manure. Siavoshi et al. (2011) recorded more
dry matter accumulation in response to
increases in the applied dose of organic manure
and more dry matter accumulation was observed
under the treatment of 2.0 tons ha-1 organic
fertilizer. The results were similar in the study
of Srivastava et al. (2016). In the present study,
higher dry matter production was perhaps due to
the higher leaf dry weights and stem dry weight
recorded at the different stages. More
photosynthetically active leaf areas resulted in
higher dry matter accumulation. This was also
The interactive effects of the organic
fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels on the
yield attributes and grain yield are shown in
Table 5. It was reported that the combination of
365
Effects of organic fertilizer and HB101 plant vitalizer on the growth and yield of rice
Table 4. Effects of the organic fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels on the yield components of the BH9 rice variety in the
summer season
1000 grain weight
(g)
Filled grains rates
(%)
Grain yield
(tons ha-1)
Number of
Number of grains
per panicle
Treatment
panicles per m2
Organic fertilizer doses
0 ton ha-1 (P0)
4 tons ha-1 (P1)
6 tons ha-1 (P2)
LSD0.05 P
172.92b
177.78ab
186.81a
10.51
143.03a
150.13a
151.46a
11.49
23.69a
23.59a
24.02a
0.54
74.08
73.45
74.57
-
2.27b
2.50b
2.81a
0.27
HB101 spray levels
0% (N0)
175.93a
176.85a
186.11a
177.78a
12.13
143.60a
147.23a
155.38a
146.61a
13.26
23.66ab
23.27b
23.90a
24.24a
0.63
74.81
74.47
72.11
74.75
-
2.52a
2.37a
2.66a
2.56a
0.31
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
LSD0.05 N
Table 5. Interacting effects of the organic fertilizer doses and HB101 spray levels on the yield components of the BH9 rice variety in
the summer season
Treatment
HB101 spray
1000 grain
weight
Filled grains
rates
Number of
panicles per
m2
Number of grains
per panicle
Grain yield
(tons ha-1)
Organic
fertilizer
(g)
(%)
levels
0% (N0)
161.11c
177.78abc
180.56abc
172.22bc
180.56abc
175.00abc
177.78abc
177.78abc
186.11ab
177.78abc
200.00a
183.33ab
21.02
139.21bc
149.57abc
151.18abc
132.16c
146.27abc
139.79bc
164.44a
150.00abc
145.32abc
152.32abc
150.51abc
157.67ab
22.98
23.87abc
23.12c
23.72abc
24.07ab
23.28abc
22.83c
23.90abc
24.34a
23.82abc
23.87abc
24.08ab
24.32a
1.09
76.86
72.57
72.28
74.62
75.61
72.44
72.15
73.60
71.98
78.39
71.89
76.02
-
2.05cd
2.00d
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
0% (N0)
0 ton ha-1
(P0)
2.44bcd
2.57abc
2.61ab
2.39bcd
2.50abcd
2.51abcd
2.90ab
2.74ab
3.03a
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
0% (N0)
4 tons ha-1
(P1)
0.015% (N1)
0.025% (N2)
0.035% (N3)
6 tons ha-1
(P2)
2.59ab
LSD0.05 P x N
CV%
0.54
6.9
9.2
2.7
-
12.6
the two factors significantly affected all the yield
components and grain yield of rice, and the
applications with the high fertilizer (treatments
P2 and P1) and high levels of HB101 resulted in
increased values of these parameters.
The maximum number of panicles per m2
was recorded in the plants treated with P2N2
and was followed by P2N0 and P2N3, which
were on par with each other, whereas the lowest
value was reported under the P0N0 treatment.
All the remaining treatments were similar for
this parameter.
The maximum number of grains per panicle
was observed in the plots with the P1N2
treatment (164.44 grains) and was followed by
the P2N3 treatment (157.67 grains), whereas the
366
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Nguyen Thi Loan & Nguyen Ngoc Hung (2019)
minimum number of grains per panicle was
noted in the P0N3 treatment (132.16 grains).
that this might be due to the quick release of a
number of nutrients like N and P from the
organic inputs.
In terms of the 1000 grain weight, the P2N3
and P1N3 treatments significantly increased this
parameter as compared to the other treatments
(24.34g and 24.31g, respectively), however, the
values were not significantly different from
each other. The lower applications of fertilizer
(P0 and P1) with the N1 treatment reported the
lowest values of grain weight with 23.12g and
22.83g, respectively.
In the present study, we observed that the
effects of the organic fertilizer application on
grain yield and the number of panicles per m2
were significant; and high doses of fertilizer led
to increases in grain yield and yield
components, which can be explained by the
increase in nutrient contents, especially N, from
the organic fertilizer. These results are similar to
the study of Gautam et al. (2013), who showed
that with the increasing levels of fertilizer, grain
yield increased significantly and consistently,
and achieved the highest increases with the
highest fertilizer level (20 tons ha-1). According
to the authors, the increase of rice grain yield
under the organic manure treatment may have
been due to the fact that the slow releasing
nutrients from the organic manure over a long
period increased the availability of nitrogen and
the efficiency of the applied or native soil
phosphorus due to the solubilizing effect of
organic acids produced during decomposition of
organic manures (Srivastava et al., 2016).
Grain yield of the BH9 rice variety
fluctuated from 2.00 tons ha-1 to 3.03 tons ha-1.
Under higher doses of fertilizer, the treatments
with the HB101 solution gave increased values
of grain yield as compared to lower organic
fertilizer dose. Application of the P2N2 treatment
gave the highest significant increment of the rice
yield compared with the other treatments. It was
followed by the P2N0, P1N0, and P2N3
treatments with yields of 2.90 tons ha-1, 2.61 tons
ha-1 and 2.59 tons ha-1, respectively, and they
were on par with each other. The minimum grain
yield was recorded in the P0N1 and P0N0
treatments with approximately 2 tons ha-1 each.
It seems that the nutrients released from the
organic fertilizer play a more important role
than the HB101 solution. This is in line with the
above observations as the organic fertilizer
doses directly affected the formation of grain
yield.
Siavoshi et al. (2011) explained that the
increase in grain yield components was due to
the better water holding capacity of the soil as a
result of more organic material applications
leading to more available water in the soil,
which enhanced nutrient availability and
improved nutrient absorption as well as
increased the production and translocation of
the dry matter content. There were no
differences among the yield components,
potential yield, and grain yield under the effects
of the HB101 solution, which may be due to the
fact that the HB101 solution works to maintain
the proper balance of soil micro-organisms, and
its ionized minerals combined with the plant
nutrients from the organic fertilizer caused the
strengthening of the leaf, stem, and root
systems, thereby improving the growth
processes and immune function of the plants.
These results were similar to the study of
Mohammadi et al. (2013) in terms of the effects
of the HB101 solution on potato. The authors
observed that there was no effect of the HB101
solution on potato yields; however, the
In previous studies, Bagayoko et al. (2012)
and Moe et al. (2017) did not record significant
differences in yield and yield components under
the applications of different doses and kinds of
organic manures. Moe et al. (2017) showed that
the application of organic manure alone did not
significantly enhance the yield and yield
attributes of rice in a cropping season, which
can be explained by severe deficiencies in
nitrogen at the vegetative stage. Bagayoko et al.
(2012) indicated that the manure effects were
very heterogeneous and high rates did not
necessarily increase crop yields. Ghoneim et al.
(2007) recorded increases in grain yield to
34.8% under the application of poultry manure
over the control without fertilizer. This was
consistent with the findings of Myint et al.
(2011) and Dash et al. (2011), who considered
367
Effects of organic fertilizer and HB101 plant vitalizer on the growth and yield of rice
growth attributes, grain and straw yield of rice (Oryza
sativa). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Life Sciences. 2(4): 655-660.
combination of HB101 with other fertilizers
showed positive effects on the potato traits.
Erdal I., Turkmen R. & Akgun A. (2016). Variation in
chlorophyll, SPAD value and some nutrient
concentrations depending on Chlorosis in Peach
leaves. Lucrari Stiintifice. 59(2): 13-16.
Conclusions
The results indicated significant increases in
the growth and yield of the BH9 rice variety in
the summer season under applications of
different doses of organic fertilizer and the
HB101 plant vitalizer. Organic fertilizer alone
and the integration of organic fertilizer and the
HB101 solution showed significant effects on
the number of total tillers, the number of
effective tillers, dry matter weight, LAI values,
SPAD values, grain yield, and yield
components. In general, high rates of organic
fertilizer application and high HB101 spray
levels resulted in increases in the growth and
yield of rice by increasing the number of tillers,
effective tillers, physiological parameters (LAI,
SPAD, and dry matter accumulation), grain
yield, and all the yield attribute parameters. The
P2N2 treatment (6 tons ha-1 of organic fertilizer
combined with the HB101 spray level of
0.025%) gave the highest grain yield with 3.03
tons ha-1, which was significantly higher than
the rest of the treatments. Besides, the
application of the HB101 solution with the
organic fertilizer dose of 6 tons ha-1 also showed
higher grain yield of the BH9 rice variety in the
summer season.
Gafar A. F., Yassin M. I. D. & Samia O. Y. (2014). Effect
of different fertilizers (bio, organic and inorganic
fertilizers) on some yield components of rice (Oryza
Sativa L.). Universal Journal of Agricultural
Research. 2(2): 67-70.
Gautam P., Sharma G. D., Rana R. & Lal B. (2013).
Effect of integrated nutrient management and spacing
on growth parameters, nutrient content and
productivity of rice under system of rice
intensification. International Journal of Research in
BioSciences. 2(3): 53-59.
Ghoneim A. (2007). Effect of nitrogen supplied from
poultry manure and sewage sludge on growth, yield
and nitrogen uptake of rice. Bulletin of Experimental
Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University. 29:
11-16.
Islam M. S., Paul N. K., Alam M. R., Uddin M. R.,
Sarker U. K., Islam M. A. & Park S. U. (2015).
Responded of rice to green manure and nitrogen
fertilizer application. Online Journal of Biological
Science. 15(4): 207-216.
Javier E. F., Marquez J. M., Grospe F. S., Mamucod H. F.
& Tabien R. E. (2002). Three-year effect of organic
fertilizer use on paddy rice. Philippine Journal of
Crop Science. 27(2): 11-15.
Liu C. W., Sung Y., Chen B. C. & Lai H. Y. (2014).
Effects of nitrogen fertilizers on the growth and
nitrate content of lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L.).
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the People’s Committee
and the Farmer Association of Hong Thai
commune, Kien Xuong district, Thai Binh
province, Vietnam for facilitating and
supporting the experimental arrangement in the
field experiments.
Moe K., Win M. K., Win K. K. & Yamakawa T. (2017).
Combined effect of organic manures and inorganic
fertilizers on the growth and yield of hybrid rice
(Palethwe - 1). American Journal of Plant Sciences. 8:
1022-1042.
Mohammadi G. R., Ajirloo R. A., Ghobadi M. E. &
Najaphy A. (2013). Effects of non-chemical and
chemical fertilizers on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
yield and quality. Journal of Medicinal Plants
Research. 7(1): 36-42.
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