Determining forest carbon sequestration capacity by remote sensing – GIS combined with quick measurement method (Case study in Que Phong district, Nghe An province)
HNUE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
DOI: 10.18173/2354-1067.2019-0075
Social Sciences, 2019, Volume 64, Issue 11, pp. 145-154
DETERMINING FOREST CARBON SEQUESTRATION CAPACITY
BY REMOTE SENSING – GIS COMBINED WITH QUICK MEASUREMENT
METHOD (CASE STUDY IN QUE PHONG DISTRICT, NGHE AN PROVINCE)
Tran Thi Tuyen
Department of Resource and Environment Management,
School of Agriculture and Resources, Vinh University,
Abstract. The article clarifies the potential for payment for forest environment in
the study area, focusing on the carbon sequestration services. Remote sensing -
Geographic information system (GIS) method is used in research to map land cover,
identify and update forest status. The fieldwork method in combination the quick
measurement method was used to identify the sample plots and calculate forest
biomass. The research results have shown the great carbon sequestration potential of
the study area. This is an opportunity to enhance the value of payment for forest
services when implementing carbon markets in the study area.
Keywords: carbon absorption capacity, GIS, Remote Sensing, Que Phong district.
1. Introduction
The ecosystem services approach is useful for decision-making in conservation and
natural resource management because it assigns value to nature by translating ecosystem
properties into human needs. It is the benefits that people obtain through tourism,
aesthetic values, spiritual enrichment, and sense of place. Payment for Ecosystem
Services (PES) is becoming increasingly popular in recent years as a market-based
approach to conservate and manage ecosystems that using economic incentives to
improve the livelihoods of environmental-service providers [1,2]. The potential for PES
to alleviate rural poverty by 2030 in developing countries have been quantified [3, 4].
Their results indicated that markets for biodiversity conservation could benefit 10–15
million USD, carbon markets could benefit 25–50 million USD, markets for watershed
protection could benefit 80–100 million USD, and markets for landscape beauty and
recreation could benefit 5–8 million USD [3].
In Vietnam, PES schemes has been implemented pilot projects with the success as
well as the obstacles [3,5]. These issues are also challenges that arise in the mountains of
Nghe An. The study was piloted in Que Phong district, a mountainous district of Nghe An
province. This is a large area of forest, located in Pu Hoat nature reserve, receiving
Received July 17, 2019. Revised September 5, 2019. Accepted October 2, 2019.
Contact Tran Thi Tuyen, e-mail address: tuyentt@vinhuni.edu.vn
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Tran Thi Tuyen
forest payment service from hydropower plant. Among the PES, the research area only
provides watershed protection services, making a negligible contribution to the
livelihoods of local people. Forest resources are the area's strength with 90 percent of the
forest land, so the research question that: what role does the carbon sequestration service
play for the community livelihoods?
2. Content
2.1 Metarials and Methodology
2.1.1 Remote sensing method
This method has proven accurate to produce land-cover types. The Landsat 8 data
[6,7] that obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) were selected.
Bands 4 and 5 with a spatial resolution of 30m of the study area were assembled (mosaic)
and used for calculating vegetation index. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
(NDVI) was used for calculating the value of the spectral reflectance of vegetation.
NDVI indicate how much Near Infrared (NIR) light is reflected compared to visible red
(VIS or R) [8,9]. It helps in differentiation of bares soil from grass or forest, detect plants
under stress, and differentiate between crops and crop stages. It can also differentiate
water bodies with built up area which can help in the preparation of LC maps. NDVI can
be calculated by the formula: 푁퐷푉퐼 = (푁퐼푅 −푉퐼푆)/ (푁퐼푅 +푉퐼푆). NDVI values at a point
(position) on the image ranges from (-1) to (+1). Areas of barren rock, sand, or snow
usually show very low NDVI values (0.1 or less). Sparse vegetation (shrubs and
grasslands) may result in moderate NDVI values (approximately 0.2 to 0.5). High NDVI
values (approximately 0.6 to 0.9) correspond to dense vegetation. Higher values of NDVI
indicate stronger photosynthetic especially in temperate and tropical forests or crops at
their peak growth stage. The NDVI values can be used in the identification of vegetation
including forest types [12]. GPS and ArcGIS are used to determine the location of objects
and ezamine in the field.
2.2.2 Determination of carbon absorption capacity
The carbon absorption assessment and commercial value of carbon accumulated can
be evaluated by determining biomass of forests. In this study, we used the remote sensing
method for mapping biomass [10] that associated with field survey, for determining the
carbon absorption capacity of forest vegetation which would be useful for carbon trade.
Information of forest types was collected with the help of remote sensing and field survey.
There was 09 Typical Standard Cells (TSC), which has dimension 9 m x 9 m. The selected
TSCs represent forest types and convenient roads (Figure 1).
In each TSC, the information that must be collected includes species name, density,
spacing between trees, height, Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and Basal area of the tree.
During field survey further information of forest development was collected by interviewing
forest owners in a form (questionnaire). In order to determine the value of biomass,
measurement values were converted by the formula: Y = 0:11 * r * D1.32 + c (1).
Where: D1 is tree biomass (kg/tree); r is wood density (for forests re-afforested
naturally: r =0.5g/cm3); c is the extrapolation factor (for forests re-afforested naturally: c
= 0.62).
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Determining forest carbon sequestration capacity by remote sensing - GIS combined with...
Figure 1. Location of sampling
The amount of carbon absorption was calculated by the formula: WC (ton C/ha) =
0.46 *Mass. The value of carbon trading: C (USD) = WC * 5 (USD).
2.2. Results
2.2.1. Land cover (LC) map
Development and study of LC map (Figure 3) of the study area is important to
understand the status of vegetation and carbon sequestration in this area. The vegetation
index of the area was determined by ENVI 5.0 software as shown in Table 1. Results
show that the NDVI index in the study area is a high (NDVI mean = 0.280330).
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Tran Thi Tuyen
Table 1. NDVI index of forest area
Objects
Order
NDVI
Area (ha)
696
1
2
3
< 0.1
Vacant land; Other land cover
0.1 – 0.3 Agricultural crop
127
0.3 – 0.5 Native forest regeneration; Poor natural tropical
forest; Planted forest
31189
4
5
0.5 – 0.7 Young forest restoration; Tropical mixed forest
31181
44791
107984
> 0.7
Rich natural forests, Medium natural forests
Sum
Figure 2. The statistics of NDVI
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Determining forest carbon sequestration capacity by remote sensing - GIS combined with...
Figure 3. Land cover map that dirived from NDVI index
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Tran Thi Tuyen
2.2.2. Potential of carbon storage and sequestration
2.2.2.1 The value of biomass
The location of the standard plots is typically selected, representing forest types.
Coordinates are determined from a map in ArcGIS software, combined with GPS to check
the position compared to roads, traffic conditions (Table 2). The result of field survey
shows that most of vacant forest in the research area are barren land, shrubs interspersed
with trees (trees regenerate 10% coverage). The quality of poor natural tropical forest is
low, trees is small: the diameter of average/tree ranges from 9.71 to 10.41cm, the sum of
horizontal section (area) of trees ranges from 4.13 to 4.52 m2, the density ranges from 451
to 510 tree/ha and the average height ranges from 9.59 to 10.52m. The native forest
regeneration is large trees with complex species. The average diameter of trees is greater
than 10cm whereas, the average height ranges from 10.5 to 12.65m of rich and medium
natural tropical forest.
Table 2. Position of standard plots
Coordin-
ates
Locaton in Google Map
Sample interpretation key
(GPS -
ArcGIS)
19°33'33.
10"N,105
°3'28.26"
E
19°35'59.
88"N,105
°1'2.57"
E
150
Determining forest carbon sequestration capacity by remote sensing - GIS combined with...
19°24'49.
03"N,104
°49'4.67"
E
19°21'39.
00"N,104
°24'4.12"
E
19°25'24.
15"N,10
4°53'8.35
"E
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Tran Thi Tuyen
19°33'3
9.32"N
,105°4'
25.08"
E
19°33'1
5.91"N
,105°12
'40.20"
E
19°34'4
3.59"N
,105°2'
10.01"
E
19°29'8
.07"N,
105°0'3
0.45"E
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Determining forest carbon sequestration capacity by remote sensing - GIS combined with...
Table 3. The results of trees density and size analysis in the TSC
TT
THE DENSITY
D1,3
HVN
(M)
BASAL AREA
G (M2/HA)
N/0,81HA (1 TREE)
(CM)
458
451
510
405
335
370
385
459
258
10.03
9.82
11.55
10.43
10.32
12.77
11.93
12.65
10.52
9.59
5.06
4.52
5.99
5.14
6.12
5.63
4.13
4.25
4.14
TSC1
TSC2
TSC3
TSC4
TSC5
TSC6
TSC7
TSC8
TSC9
10.15
10.07
12.20
11.82
10.41
9.71
8.3
11.31
Table 4. Results of biomass determined at the sample plots
TT
Biomass
TSC1 TSC2 TSC3 TSC4 TSC5 TSC6 TSC7 TSC8 TSC9
83.55 71.22 85.13 82.34 93.39 102.67 68.91 65.16 37.14
The average of biomass determined at 1 TSC is 79.418 (ton/ha). Total biomass of
naturally re-afforested forests in Que Phong district is 10587497.916 ton. The quantity of
carbon accumulated in biomass of naturally re-afforested forests in Que Phong district is
2812985.5 ton. The commercial value of forest carbon cover in Que Phong district is C =
14,064,927.8 USD (Table 3 and Table 4).
3. Conclusions
The environmental tax affects real wages through a number of channels, and the
effect of real wage changes on labor supply determines aggregate employment effects as
well as contributing to distributional and poverty outcomes [11]. This confirms that the
implementation of forest environmental payment services is important in ensuring
livelihoods for mountainous people. Moreover, this is also a policy for sustainable
management of forest resources. To improve the efficiency of forest payment services in
the region, the focus of the present project is on defining full content of payment options,
the value of biomass and commercial carbon, the orientation in establishing carbon
market. Environmental policy issues in Vietnam have received attention of government.
In December 2012 the Government of Vietnam implemented its first law on
environmental taxation. Vietnam has recently announced to strive for a low-carbon
economy. That is the basis for the following local proposal. The carbon exchange market
model in Nghe An province should be contain stakeholders and relationships. The carbon
exchange market is very important in the future for the research area. In particular, the
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Tran Thi Tuyen
remote sensing method is proposed to identify biomass as the basis for calculating the
level of payment. In addition, to create a scientific basis for the PES policy
implementation in the study area, the present research determined the level of payment
for forest areas affected by Hydropower plant in Que Phong (belong to Pu Hoat Nature
Reserve) and the carbon absorption capacity for forest vegetation in Que Phong district.
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