Cham islands in Champa maritime space from 11th to 15th century
Cham Islands in Champa Maritime Space
from 11th to 15th Century
Nguyen Van Kim1, Tran Van Manh2
1,2 University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Received on 4 October 2019.
Revised on 10 October 2019.
Accepted on 15 November 2019.
Abstract: Situated in a critical position on the sea routes in Southeast Asia, the Cham Islands or Cu Lao
Cham (Vietnamese: Cù Lao Chàm) emerged remarkably as an important outport of the maritime
kingdom of Champa since the first centuries. Over many centuries, the region of the Cham Islands and
the estuary port of the Great Champa, also called Dai Chiem seaport (Vietnamese: Đại Chiêm hải khẩu
or Cửa Đại), not only was seen as a destination and a trade centre of the small state of Amaravati, but
also played a significant role in linking the kingdom of Champa with the outside world. In history, Cham
people actively integrated into the region and the world, contributing greatly towards the formation of
“the silk road”, “the spice route”, and “the ceramic route”,... in the Indo-Pacific region. In addition to the
economic linkage, they were also used as channels for the exchange of cultures, beliefs, religions,
scientific and technical knowledge between the kingdom of Champa and other Asian countries, creating
new driving forces of development and enhancing the creative capacity in societies of the region.
Keywords: Cham Islands , maritime space, Champa, the 11th – 15th centuries.
Subject classification: History
As a group of islands in Central
Vietnam, the Cham Islands (Vietnamese:
Cù Lao Chàm) kept an extremely
significant position in the Southeast Asian
coastal trade route. At the same time, it had
a close linkage with other sea routes
running across Insular Southeast Asia. Over
many centuries, the Cham Islands were
known as an outport of the port town by the
estuary of the great kingdom of Champa,
which was an extremely important trade
port of the maritime polity of Champa.
Using an interdisciplinary and multifaceted
1. Introduction
In the history of humankind, maritime
economic and trade connections always
play an important role in development. The
sea trade routes contributed part towards the
development of cultures, diplomatic ties,
and cooperation between nations. In Asia,
the Champa maritime space used to be very
significant for the connection of Southeast
Asia with the markets in Northeast Asia and
Southwest Asia.
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Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
approach, the paper focuses on analysing
the role and position of the Cham Islands
in the East Asian trade and transportation
networks, highlighting the regional and
inter-regional linkage, describing the
characteristics of the Cham Islands as an
outport, an island port, and a multi-
functional port, and interpreting changes in
the role and functions of the Cham Islands
during the maritime history of the kingdom
of Champa and the period under the reign
of the Nguyen lords in Đàng Trong (lit.
Inner land, the region in Central to South
Vietnam, which was later enlarged to
become Cochinchina) from the 16th to the
18th century.
and improved the development potential
and creativity in Asian societies.
Located in the middle of the East Asian
sea route, since the first centuries AD, the
Champa sea, which is a crucial part of the
East Sea (Vietnamese: Biển Đông) at
present, were considered a destination and a
waypoint by many merchant boats coming
from Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia and
West Asia. Based on a broad view and the
relative subdivision into nagara (or small
states), we can realise that the Champa
maritime space not only played a role in
connecting mandalas in Southeast Asia but,
to a larger extent, also undertook the
function of linking the kingdom of Champa
with other regions and territories in Asia
[19, pp.29-53]. With cultural exchange and
maritime trade activities, Cham people
actively integrated into the region and the
world, contributing greatly towards the
formation of “the silk road”, “the spice
trade route”, and “the ceramic trade route”
etc. running across Pacific Ocean and
Indian Ocean, from the port of Alexandria
in the Mediterranean region to the trade
ports in the Gulf of Tonkin and those in
southern provinces of China such as
Guangzhou, Fujian, and Zhejiang, etc. [50,
pp.446-447], [27, pp.59-83, pp. 247-361].
2. Champa sea in the network of Asian
maritime routes
The Asian maritime history is closely
attached to the establishment of centres,
economic zones, and trade routes. Known
have been the significant roles and strong
influence of three centres of civilisation,
which were also considered three large
markets, including China, India and West
Asia. With economic centres, many Asian
countries also played an important role in
economic exchange, contributing towards
the establishment of two main trade routes
connecting the East with the West. Many
researchers often call them the continental
silk route and the maritime silk route3 [58],
[52], [59]. In fact, those trade routes were
not only seen as an economic lifeline but
also channels for the transmission of
culture, technical and scientific knowledge,
and religions and the movement of people
etc. In various aspects, the international
trade network brought about driving forces
During the first ten centuries AD, together
with the foundation of the kingdoms of Lam
Ap (192-749), Panduganra (758-859), and
Indrapura (875-982), a large maritime space
was also set up by some sea powers as their
own territory off the shore of the central
coast. Due to the geographical location, the
maritime space bore natural characteristics
of the Chinese - Japanese subregion, while
having advantages of the Indian - Malaysian
subregion; the two subregions are included in
14
Nguyen Van Kim, Tran Van Manh
the West Asia - Pacific region. The
geographical advantage, duality and abundant
natural resources of the Champa sea were
recorded in many local and international
maps, documents and research works [33,
pp.178-179], [45, pp.89-137], [9, pp.291-314].
Of the products exported to the North,
some were produced and exported from the
Champa seaports and probably the Cham
Islands as well. In the 12th century, Edrisi, a
Moroccan geographer, wrote: “The islands
of the Champa sea produce aloe wood and
other perfumes... On its shores are the
domains of a king named Maliaridja, who
In regard to the natural resources and the
goods of the kingdom of Champa, it is
written in “the History of Song: Chronicles takes control over a large number of well-
of Foreign Countries” (Vietnamese: Tống
sử - Ngoại quốc truyện) as follows: “Local
produce consists of incense, frankincense,
areca, sapan wood, eucalyptus, beeswax,
flowery fabrics, thread-plaited cloth, white
woollen fabric, rattan mats, mats made of
banyan-leaves, gold, silver, and iron bars,
etc. In terms of grains, they have rice,
sticky rice, peanuts, and sesame, instead of
wheat. Once the local mandarin provides
one bucket of seeds, he will collect 100
buckets of output products in tax. In terms
of flower and fruits, they have lotus, sugar
cane, bananas, and coconuts. Regarding
birds and animals, there are many peacocks
and rhinoceroses. In regard to cattle, there
are a lot of cows and buffaloes, but not
donkeys. There are also wild buffaloes that
are not used to draw the plough; instead,
they are killed for the sacrifice to the
demons. When the buffalo is about to be
killed, the shaman prays the following
phrase “A la hòa cập bạt”, which means
“Let you die and reincarnate soon”. When
local people have caught an elephant or a
rhinoceros, they will offer it to the king.
While travelling, local people usually ride
elephants, use small sedan chairs, or ride
horses bought from Jiaozhou (i.e. Dai Viet).
People eat meat of chamoises and water
bugs. Champa custom and clothes are
similar to those of the Abbasid Caliphate”
[11, pp.286-287].
populated and fertile islands, covered with
[rice] fields and pastures, and producing
ivory, camphor, nutmeg, clove, girolle, aloe
wood, cardamom, piper cubeba and other
substances [seeds] that are found as local
products there… There is no king in India
who possesses riches comparable to these
islands, where trade is significant and well-
known. Among these islands is that of
Mayd. It contains a large number of streets
and is larger and more fertile than that of
Mudja… Kings have black and white slaves
and beautiful eunuchs… This is where the
Chinese ships coming from the islands of
China gather and settle; that's where they're
heading and from that point they're leaving
to go elsewhere” [60, p.191].
Owing to the favourable geographical
conditions, the Champa monarchy, which
was impacted strongly by many domestic
and international factors, focused on
developing the sea economy and promoting
trade and diplomatic ties with other
countries in the region and the world. Cham
people established a chain of port towns,
creating a large network of business
connecting closely with many markets and
centres of raw materials and commodity
circulation [37, p.72]. Using the central
coast as a foundation and considering the
sea economy to be the strength, local
communities in the kingdom of Champa set
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Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
up “a system of trade ports to facilitate Champa. Apart from the large trade ports
trade with foreign countries. Those ports located in important positions, other places,
played an important role in the formation of including lagoons and piers, were also used
“the maritime silk road” in the 9th and the as landing stages, where boats and ships
10th centuries and became prosperous in the were moored to get food and fresh water,
subsequent centuries” [38, p.346].
load or unload goods, do short-distance
business, or shelter from storms [29, p.630].
Thus, a system of coastal trade ports was
set up by the small states of Cham people in
the Champa maritime space. They
proactively took part in the regional and
international networks of maritime trade
routes and thereby connecting the trade
ports with “the Asian Commercial
Network”, of which the Champa sea is one
of the components. Thanks to the trade
activities, Cham people disseminated and
received economic resources and new
cultural values, which are the very factors
contributing to the one-time thriving
cultural heritage.
After spending years doing research on
the central coast and referring to relevant
historical materials, Le Dinh Phung, a
historian, identified a system of ancient
trade ports belonging to Champa mandalas,
which were located along the coast from the
north to the south. It includes the following
trade ports: (1) Katligara in Quang Tri
province; it was probably near the present-
day Cua Viet port; (2) Jilina in the area of
Hue imperial city, near the present-day Tu
Hien and Tu Dung ports; (3) Indrapura,
which was an important port located in the
gateway of Indrapura capital city to the sea.
It is Dai Chiem seaport located in the area
of Hoi An, Quang Nam province; (4) Vijasa
or Thi Nai (Cri Boneithilibi Nai), which is
Thi Nai – Nuoc Man (lit. Salt Water) port in
Quy Nhon, Binh Dinh province; (5)
Lingaparvata located in the edge of Tuy
Hoa city, Phu Yen province; (6) Kauthara
located in Nha Trang coastal city, Khanh
Hoa province; and, (7) Panduranga, which
is the present-day Phan Rang port.
In a wide range of research works, the
authors, including: Tran Quoc Vuong, Tran
Ky Phuong, Ngo Van Doanh, Le Dinh
Phung, Kikuchi Seiichi, Momoki Shiro, Lam
Thi My Dzung, Bui Minh Tri, Le Hong
Khanh, Dinh Ba Hoa, Nguyen Chi Trung,
Tran Van An, and Do Truong Giang, etc.
have emphasised the role of the port towns
located by the estuary, especially Dai Chiem
seaport in the basin of Thu Bon river, based
on empirical and fieldwork research. During
the period of the kingdom of Champa,
therefore, foreign merchant boats often
dropped into Dai Chiem seaport to do
business and exchange produce, while
travelling from Arab countries, India, and
Southeast Asia to China and Japan or vice
versa [56, pp.105-110].
In addition, the author also confirmed a
large number of other places and lagoons in
Central Vietnam, which were convenient
for the anchorage of boats and ships, such
as Vung Bang in Quang Ngai province and
Vung Ro in Phu Yen province, etc.
Together with Thi Nai port of Vijaya,
therefore, Dai Chiem seaport was a large
trade port playing an especially important
role in the history of economic development
and foreign trade of the kingdom of
Over many centuries of the “Early Age
of Commerce in Southeast Asia, 900-1300
16
Nguyen Van Kim, Tran Van Manh
CE”, the Champa sea was not only a place
From another perspective, the merchant
where people gathered and resided but also boats coming from Southwest Asia and
a centre for the connection of the “Nearshore Maritime Southeast Asia (crossing the
straits of Malacca and Sunda) gathered in
the Champa sea, before moving to the
trade ports in North Central Vietnam and
those in Northeastern Vietnam (Dai Viet).
Based on the favourable geo-economic and
maritime economic conditions as well as
the abundant natural resources and
development potential gained by Champa
from Southwest Asia and Southeast Asia,
the leaders of the kingdom of Champa
early thought about developing the
maritime economy and increasing the
capacity to exploit the ocean [26, p.45].
Owing to the “Oceanic Commercial Route”
and the “Nearshore Commercial Route”
running along the countries in Southeast
Asian peninsula, Champa was successful in
setting up not only the north - south linkage
but also the east - west linkage; i.e. it had
relations with both Maritime Southeast Asia
and Mainland Southeast Asia (also called
Southeast Asian Peninsula)4. The exchange
Commercial Route” (Vietnamese: Tây
Dương châm lộ; i.e. Western Trade Route,
as in some documents). Owing to the rise of
the maritime kingdoms, the enhancement of
maritime knowledge, and the invention of
the nautical compass and better sampans
etc., the second maritime route named “the
Oceanic Commercial Route” (Vietnamese:
Đông Dương châm lộ; i.e. Oriental Trade
Route) was set up and developed in Southeast
Asia in the 11th and 12th centuries, which ran
along Maritime Southeast Asian countries.
With the Nearshore Commercial Route, a
large number of merchant and cargo boats
leaving the trade ports in China such as
Guangzhou, Fujian, and Hainan, etc. often
sailed across Jiaozhou Bay to Champa and
Chenla before sailing across the Funan
West Sea and the Strait of Malacca to reach
Southwest Asia. Short-distance trade
activities and maritime services also took
place. Along the coast of Vietnam, trade
activities were carried out, connecting the
ports in northern Vietnam such as Van Ninh
(Mong Cai) and Van Don with those in
Central Vietnam such as Lach Truong, Hoi
Thong, Cua Sot, and Ky Anh and then those
in the Champa sea, the West sea (Oc Eo -
Funan) and finally the Kra canal (from the
2nd to the 7th century). Since the late 6th
century, however, the Strait of Malacca and
the Strait of Sunda were gradually used in
competition with the Kra canal, sharing the
influence and resources. The change in the
international commercial networks was one
of the major factors leading to the decline
of the empire of Funan [25, pp.229-246],
[18, pp.182-206].
of
economic
activities
and
the
establishment of trade ports and towns in
the islands and by the estuaries along the
central coast created essential conditions for
the kingdom of Champa to develop its
maritime economy, commercial exchange,
and exploitation of the sea resources, while
building imperial cities with grandiose
architectural works and igniting maritime
cultural resources.
In regard to the activities of the
Southeast Asian commercial networks,
although all the nations and economic
centres shared the common linkage, each of
them had particular relations, both
regionally and inter-regionally. Different
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Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
from economic activities in agriculture, merchants created a turbulent economic
those in handicraft, commerce, and atmosphere in the region and the Champa sea
especially maritime trade, to some extent, held multifaceted attraction due to its
particular position [15, pp.207-230]. In
history, the Champa institutions were
proactive and active in finding an appropriate
development model for the purpose of
achieving its development targets. The
kingdom of Champa was inclined to develop
the maritime economy. Over centuries, Cham
people and the ethnic communities residing in
the socio-political space of Champa together
built a diversified economy. They exploited
natural resources in mountains, forest, plains
and the sea as well [23, pp.105-115]. Cham
people not only carried out effective
exploitation of the resources but also
promoted the use of knowledge and regional
resources to establish and reinforce its
political institutions, building social relations
and structure, and widening diplomatic ties
and cultural creation. As acknowledged
popularly, in essence, the kingdom of
Champa was comprised of maritime polities,
including Amaravati in Quang Nam,
Indrapura in Dong Duong, Vijaya in Binh
Dinh (988-1471), Kauthara in Khanh Hoa,
and Panduranga in Phan Rang. Those polities,
or small states, joined and constituted the
maritime kingdom of Champa in form of the
linkage centralisation [14, pp.25-39]. The
kingdom left a huge cultural heritage typical
for not only Southeast Asia but also the entire
Asia and the world as well [48, pp.110-115],
[28, pp.128-334], [30, pp.573-632].
require more relations and a wider space of
linkage. In other words, commercial
economy, including maritime trade, cannot
be created and developed without a system.
The space and systems, or systematic
networks of linkage, are essential for
development of commercial economy. As
shown in history, in the Asian commercial
system, major trade ports and large
economic centres played a leading role in
running the activities of the whole system.
Thus, the islands such as Van Don, the
Cham Islands, the Re islands (Ly Son), Con
Dao, Phu Quoc, and Tho Chu etc. were
destinations and important commercial
hubs. Due to their particular features, those
island ports had close linkage with the
Champa coastal ports and the trade centres
in the region of South China as well as
those in the farther northeast, such as
Taiwan, Ryukyu kingdom, Japan, and
Korea. Based on the linkage of the chain of
island ports, many monarchies of Dai Viet
and Champa actively took part in the Asian
internal economic activities.
From the 11th to the 15th century, maritime
economic activities in East Asia relied greatly
on Jiaozhou Bay, the Champa sea, and
Maritime Southeast Asian countries. As
important as the Gulf of Tonkin, Luzon
quickly became not only a centre for linkage
and commodity circulation but also a
significant market in East Asia. Merchant
boats coming from North Asia often dropped
into the Philippines before sailing further
southwards to the kingdom of Malayu with
the straits of Sunda and Malacca. In reality,
the trade activities carried out by the
3. Cham Islands: potentialities and position
Based on the natural geographical
perspective and historical, archaeological,
18
Nguyen Van Kim, Tran Van Manh
and anthropological documents that are from each other, but they actually
complemented each other to create a general
capacity and gather overall momentum for
development of the kingdom.
available, we strongly believe that the
Cham Islands always had a close linkage
and, furthermore, regular interactions with
Dai Chiem seaport (the port town by the
estuary of the great kingdom of Champa),
Amaravati, Simhapura (in Tra Kieu),
Located inside the background of those
areas, the Cham Islands emerged as a
linkage between Amaravati and other trade
ports in the Champa sea. In a broad view,
the three entities, including the Cham
Islands, Dai Chiem seaport, and Thu Bon
estuary, together with other seaports of the
kingdom of Champa formed a linkage axis
connecting Amaravati with other countries
in Southeast Asian Peninsula such as Laos
Indrapura,
and
some
other
small
neighbouring states. Over centuries, the
offshore islands and Dai Chiem seaport
played the most important role in the
Champa maritime commercial system.
Although the role of the Cham Islands was
recognised with respect to the prosperity of
Hoi An (Faifo) and the maritime commerce and Chenla. The linkage axis consisting of
in Đàng Trong from the 16th to the 18th the trade routes for business and exchange
century, it is still necessary to clarify the of salt, seafood, silk, gongs, and jars etc.
helped to set up and strengthen the relations
between different regions in Southeast Asia
and Asia. As time went by, the consciousness
of the sea and the factors related to the
maritime economy and culture penetrated
deep into mind and culture of local people in
the Annamite Range - Central Highlands and
other areas lying further inland in the
peninsula [19, pp.37-70].
awareness of the potentialities and position
of the Cham Islands in the Champa maritime
commercial system and the maritime space
in Central Vietnam as well as the Champa
socio-political changes from the 11th to the
15th century.
Firstly, in recent research works,
compared with other small states of
Champa, nagara Amaravati is considered
by some authors to be the most
comprehensive complex. In history, this
small state had all favourable conditions for
Realising the potential benefits brought
by trade, many institutions and local rulers
tried to take full advantage of the rivers so
development with three ecological spaces, that they no longer undertook merely the
including: the plain space, of which the function of carrying water but were used for
centre was the basin of Thu Bon river; the cultural exchange, transportation, and
highland space in the mountains in the
west; and, the coastal space, or more
precisely the sea and island space, covering
a large maritime area in the east. Each of
the spaces bore particular features, in terms
of the natural geography, ecological system,
environment, and economic activities of the
residential communities. The potentialities
and strengths of those areas were different
connections between different ecological
spaces and ethnic groups. In the “horizontal
axis” (the East – West Axis), the Cham
Islands and Dai Chiem seaport located by
the estuary of Thu Bon river played a dual
role as a factor for economic development
and protection of the regime in the east and
a linkage between “the sea and island
space”, “the plain space”, and “the highland
19
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
space”, which were under the influence of the Spratly islands, the islands and
Champa [12, pp.285-314]. In the chain of archipelagoes found near the seashore, such
connections of the Champa trade port system, as: Hon Me, Bien Son, and Nghi Son islands
the axis between Dai Chiem seaport and
Chiem Bat Lao seaport (the Cham Islands)
was one of the major linkages for economic
activities of the kingdom. Besides, a large
number of values of the ecological spaces
were integrated and kept in the Cham Islands.
As a result, the Cham Islands play a
significant role in transmitting and preserving
cultural heritage of various regions. Owing to
the Cham Islands and Dai Chiem seaport,
Amaravati was seen as a central kingdom for
centuries, keeping a dominant position to
affect other small states. Certainly, Amaravati
would not have achieved its sound
development and economic prosperity
without taking advantage of the Champa sea,
especially the Cham Islands and the vast
maritime space of the archipelago.
(Thanh Hoa province), Song Ngu and Hon
Mat islands (Nghe Tinh region), Hon Co and
Hon La islands (2 Hon La), Hon Nom island
(2 Hon Chua), and Hon Gio island (Quang
Binh province), Con Co island (Quang Tri
province), Cu lao Cham or Cham Islands
(Quang Nam province), Ly Son or Re islands
(Quang Ngai province), Phu Quy (Phu Yen
province), and Hon Tre (Khanh Hoa
province)… formed the screens” protecting
the Champa seaport [51, pp.308-340]. From
the archaeological perspective, it is possible
to affirm that “the Cham Islands were a link
of the cultural course in the period from 3500
to 3000 BP in the coastal areas and offshore
islands in Central Vietnam” [7, p.108].
In the subsequent centuries, a North -
South linkage axis was formed based on
the Cham Islands and other offshore
islands. With the Champa sea, the linkage
axis had (mostly very close) relations with
Secondly, based on the in-depth surveys
carried out in Central Vietnam with the geo-
ecological and geo-economic approaches as
well as the scientific intuition, Tran Quoc the inland political and economic centres,
Vuong, a historian and an archaeologist, while keeping certain independent
interpreted clearly the role of the chain of activities. As written clearly in an Arabic
ancient bibliography, “The ship left Hind
(India) and it took 10 days to reach Sanf
(Champa). Local people had fresh water and
exported aquilaria crassna there… We
stopped by Sanf-fulaw and Cham Pulaw (the
Cham Islands) to get fresh water and then
headed towards Sin (China)” [46, p.121].
According to the New Book of Tang
(Chinese: 新唐書, Vietnamese: Tân Đường
thư), “After leaving Guangzhou, we travelled
for 200 Chinese miles southeastwards by sea
islands, including also the Cham Islands, in
the background of the natural world and the
seaport culture in Central Vietnam.
Accordingly, “in the mountain bases, there
are large and small rivers, running from the
west to the sea in the east. The rivers are short
and very blue. They do not carry much
alluvium. The plains are narrow. Many
estuaries are really deep, appropriate to build
lagoons and ports for the anchorage of boats
and ships. In addition, the mountain-forming
movement created offshore islands and
and reached Don Mon mountain. With
archipelagoes. Excluding the farther coral favourable wind, we sailed westwards and
archipelagoes such as the Paracel islands and reached Cuu Chau (Cuu Chau Rock) in two
20
Nguyen Van Kim, Tran Van Manh
days. Having travelled southwards for two Thành; i.e. the kingdom of Champa). Under
days, we reached Chiem Bat Lao mountains the reign of Zhi De (Chinese: 至德;
(the Cham Islands) emerging from the sea, Vietnamese: Chí Đức), the kingdom was
which were 200 Chinese miles due east of renamed “Huan Wang” (Chinese: 環王;
the state of Huan-Wang (Vietnamese: Hoàn Vietnamese: Hoàn Vương; i.e. Panduranga).
Vương; i.e. Panduganra). After continuing At the time of the Later Zhou and the Song
to sail southwards, we reached Leng-Shan dynasties, “Zhan Cheng” (Kingdom of
(Vietnamese: Lăng Sơn) in two days and Champa) was used to name the country,
then the state of Mon Doc (Binh Dinh which had to pay annual tribute” [11, p.306].
province) in one more day. We continued
sailing and reached the state of Co Dat (Nha
Trang) in one day and then Chau Dot Da
Lang (Panduranga, the present-day Ninh
Thuan and Binh Thuan provinces) in half
day. Again, we sailed for two days and
reached Quan Dot Long mountain (Con
Dao or Poulo-Condore islands). After
spending five more days sailing southwards,
we reached a strait named “zhi” (Chinese:
厔, Vietnamese: Chất) by local people (…)
(Strait of Malacca), of which two shores are
one hundred Chinese miles far from each
other; the north shore belonged to the state
of La Viet, while the south shore belonged
to the state of Phat The” [33, pp.44-48]. In
the chapter titled Foreign Countries No.5 in
Volume No.324 of the History of Ming
Thus, merchant boats could travel by sea
from the Cham Islands to Jiaozhou or
directly to Hainan and then Guangzhou.
The boats travelling from Guangzhou to
Srivijaya or Palembang was no longer
necessary to sail along the coast, but they
could sail across Hainan and then head
directly to the Cham Islands [60, p.121].
During the trans-Asian journeys, when the
weather was favourable, many merchant
boats stopped by the Cham Islands just to
get food and fresh water or do small repairs
without coming to coastal large seaports,
which were always under the strict control
of the local government. The places
appropriate to the need of the merchants
were the islands and archipelagoes, where
local people lived for a long time; fresh
(Chinese: 明史; Vietnamese: Minh sử), water was found; the lagoons were deep;
“Champa is located by the coast in the and, the wind was not strong. As a result,
south. Departing from Quynh Chau, with the Cham Islands played an important role
favourable wind, we could reach Champa in in “the Nearshore Commercial Route” and
“the Oceanic Commercial Route” due to its
geographical position with many favourable
and particular conditions.
one day and one night. If we departed from
Fuzhou, we would have to sail
southwestwards and reach it in ten days and
ten nights... In the period of the Tang dynasty,
it was named sometimes “Zhan Bu Lao”
(Chinese: 占不劳; Vietnamese: Chiêm Bất
Lao) and sometimes “Zhan Po” (Chinese:
占婆; Vietnamese: Chiêm Bà); the country
where the king resided was named “Zhan
Cheng” (Chinese: 占城; Vietnamese: Chiêm
Thirdly, from the perspective of the
systematic approach, we can see that the
Cham Islands, the island ports and the
estuary ports were not isolated, but they
always had active and systematic
connections with each other. Within each
mandala of the small states of the kingdom
21
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
of Champa, three entities, including port river” [13, p.102]. In 1909, the historical
towns (by the estuaries), capital cities, and writers of the Nguyen dynasty (1802-1945)
holy lands, were connected by the rivers made the following assessment: “Chiem Bat
running from the mountain in the northwest Lao (i.e. the Cham Islands) was a
to the sea in the southeast. This sacred mountainous defence for Dai Chiem
seaport”5. Thus, the kingdom of Champa was
linkage axis was a foundation for the
so powerful and Dai Chiem seaport was so
prosperous for a number of centuries, partly
owing to the role played by the Cham Islands
as a defending screen and a gateway.
formation and an essential factor for the
prosperity of each of the states [49], [57].
In regard to the natural conditions, the
Cham Islands were near enough to the
shore (15km) to play a role as a screen
preventing raging waves and hurricanes
from ravaging the estuary areas of the Thu
Bon and Han rivers as well as Dai Chiem
Fourthly, having quite large, deep, and
calm lagoons for anchorage, land for
cultivation, and fresh water as well as
abundant natural resources for use, the
seaport. Being a screen (a mountainous Cham Islands became a residential place of
defence) protecting Dai Chiem seaport of the people during many cultural periods6. In
nagara Amaravati for centuries, the Cham the east - west linkage, the Cham Islands
Islands certainly undertook the function as undertook a function as an outport of Dai
a military seaport of the kingdom, taking Chiem seaport, the kingdom of Amaravati,
control over the boats and ships coming in and perhaps some other small states of
and out as well as the flows of people Champa. It is important that the Cham
moving across the Champa maritime space Islands was really rich in natural resources,
for the sake of keeping peace and, more
importantly, the prosperity of the kingdom.
As an island port, the Cham Islands also
played the role of receiving and
disseminating information on the political
and economic changes in Asian societies.
due to the surrounding large sea [43, pp.11-
90], [44], [39]. One could exploit successfully
precious seafood and swallow’s nest from
the islands and concentrate on trading in
valuable commodities such as sugar, silk,
cinnamon, pepper, aloe wood, and
rhinoceros’ horn, etc., which were produced
in the central plain and mountains, by
exporting them to the international markets.
For Asian seafarers, the offshore islands in
Central Vietnam, including separate islands
and chains of islands generally, were always
seen as waypoints of their voyages. Over
centuries, the Cham Islands were always the
most important destination for international
merchant boats, when they came to the
Champa sea, before leaving for the Jiaozhou
sea and East Asia [42, p.460]. In the chapter
“Accounts of Muslim Traders” of the book
Many centuries later, some Western
explorers, priests, and merchants still
recognised the role of the Cham Islands as
such a screen: “A small island called
Callao (also named Pulo Champello; i.e.
the Cham Islands ), situated at the distance
of about thirty miles to the southwards of
Turon bay… This island completely
commands the entrance of the main branch
of the river on which Fai-foo, the ancient
mart for foreign commerce, is situated; and
is completely inaccessible on every side
but that which faces the mouth of this
22
Nguyen Van Kim, Tran Van Manh
titled “Routes and Kingdoms” (Al-masalik Southwest Asia and Egypt), which have
been found in the Champa vestige sites and
seaports, have demonstrated the
international importance of the Cham
Islands and the Champa maritime trade
over many centuries.
wa’l-mamalik), Ibn Khurdadhibih described
his three-day voyage from Qmar (Cambodia)
to Sanf (Champa), before sailing towards
Luqin (Long Bien) in the Red River delta.
The document titled “Accounts of
China and India” (Akbar al-Sin wa’l-Hind)
tells about a ten-day trip from Kadrang
(Cambodia) to Sanf (Champa), where they
stopped by to get fresh water. And then,
4. Conclusion
they sailed across Sundur Fulat (Hainan The Cham Islands played a role as an
island) to reach “the Gates of China” in outport of Dai Chiem seaport, which was
Guangzhou. All the merchant boats the main trade port of the kingdom of
travelling along this route usually stopped
by the Cham Islands, before moving
towards the north. The traces found in
many places such as Bai Ong and Bai Lang
include the artefacts of Viet Chau and
Truong Sa ceramics dating back to the 9th
and 10th centuries as well as other pieces of
Islamic ceramics of the same date.
Remarkably, both of the above-mentioned
documents show that the main product of
Champa was aquilaria crassna (sanfi),
which was considered the best by Arabian
and international traders and could be sold
at a very high price in the world and Asian
markets [5, pp.78-88], [47, p.385].
Champa, as well as an important island port
in the chain of the islands located along the
Nearshore Commercial Route in the East
Sea. It was not only a waypoint for foreign
merchants but also an "entrepôt" of
commodities in the Southeast Asian coastal
commercial route. Economic activities in
the Cham Islands, to some extent, were
similar to those in Van Don trade port of
Dai Viet [27, p.14]. Based on the
development characteristics, the Cham
Islands could be seen as an island port,
which was one of the four typical forms of
ports in the history of Vietnam7. According
to the role, functions, and diversified
activities, the Cham Islands were a really
multi-functional port of the maritime
kingdom Amaravati and the entire maritime
trade system of Champa. Over many
centuries, the Cham Islands had all the three
essential elements as follows: Point
(consisting of places for exchange and
In the Chinese ancient bibliography, it was
also written about the regular participation of
Islamic merchants in the Champa diplomatic
and commercial missions to China, especially
during the late period of the Tang dynasty
(618-907) and the period of the Song dynasty
(960-1279) [41, pp.91-44]. In addition to the
evidence related to the diplomatic missions, a trade: Bai Lang and Bai Ong, etc.); Centre
large number of artefacts coming from East (where people gathered and commodities
Asia and Southwest Asia, such as Chinese
ceramics, Islamic ceramics, and glass
products (including a lot of coloured and
high-quality glass ones coming from
were delivered); and Network (connecting
the regional and inter-regional economic
systems). The convergence of the three
elements made the kingdom of Champa
23
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
become an inter-regional and, to some cultural periods was rarely found in the
extent, an inter-world centre [35, pp.37- “traditional” land of Amaravati and Vijaya;
55]. In other words, the Champa seaports etc. As we can suppose, the decrease in
those vestige sites is closely related to the
decline of the kingdoms as well as the
Champa and Thi Nai trade ports, which no
longer played a role as internationally
significant trade ports [22, p.76], [55, p.223].
bore all the three fundamental features: the
superiority, the versatility, and the
linkage. The kingdom of Champa
established trade ports as well as regional
and international commercial ties and, in
turn, Asian commercial activities exerted
great impacts on the economy and politics
of the Champa maritime polities [59, p.120].
Due to the historical changes in the
period from the 11th to the 15th century, the
role played by the Cham Islands as an
outport became less and less important.
Trade activities were still carried out and, to
some extent, the Cham Islands still
remained as a multifunctional island port
due to the abundant natural resources and
particular geographical location.
Since the late 15th century, with the
activation for the Asian maritime commercial
system, the Cham Islands gradually restored
the central position in the Southeast Asian
trade network, owing to the presence of
Asian and European merchants in the trade
ports, which previously belonged to the
kingdom of Champa. In the 16th century,
Hoi An (Faifo) trade port was increasingly
rehabilitated and bore a new appearance.
Over about three centuries, from the 16th to
the 18th century, a large number of
According to historical documents, after
Dai Viet became independent in the tenth
century, a trend of the southward
expansion started due to the political
pressure from the north. In 979 and 982,
the pressure imposed by Dai Viet resulted
in the decline of Amaravati and the
emergence of other small states such as
Vijaya (in Binh Dinh), Kauthara (in Nha
Trang), and Panduranga (in Phan Rang)
[53, pp.178-179]. The epitaphs in two stelae
dating back to 1029 and 1035, which were
found in Panduranga, provide us with
information about the presence of many
international merchants, especially Islamic
ones. The available historical documents
also prove “the marriage-based diplomacy”
between Dai Viet and Champa through the
marriage of Champa King Sri Harijit (Jaya
Simhavarman III or Chế Mân, 1285?- ?
1288-1307) with Dai Viet Princess Huyen
Tran in 1306, owing to which O and Ri
(Ly) regions of the kingdom of Champa
were handed over to Dai Viet8. By 1471,
the influence of Dai Viet expanded to
Vijaya and Thi Nai well-known trade port.
The political changes resulted in many
impacts on economic activities and life of
the kingdom of Champa. By the 15th and
16th centuries, the vestige of the earlier
international
explorers,
merchants,
missionaries, and trade corporations (such as
CIO, VOC, and EIC...) visited Hoi An,
Nuoc Man, and other trade ports in Central
Vietnam and they all were deeply impressed
with the position of Pulociampello (Cham
Islands) [1, p.91]. Remarkably, it is necessary
to mention the archaeological and
interdisciplinary discoveries and research
findings related to a shipwreck in the sea of
the Cham Islands (from May 1997 to June
24
Nguyen Van Kim, Tran Van Manh
5
As recorded by the historical writers under the
1999). The ship was 29.4m long and 7.2m
wide, containing more than 240,000
artefacts, including mostly ceramic
products made in the kilns in Chu Dau - My
Xa (Hai Duong province) and dating back
to the late 15th century, which provide us
with further information about various
aspects such as: the tradition, the
competence, and the particularity of Dai
Viet ceramics; the exchange of cultural
values, craftsmanship and knowledge
between Dai Viet and Champa; the
international and regional commercial ties;
the relationship among Dai Viet, Champa,
Siam, and Southeast Asia; and, the role of
the Champa and Cham Islands’ maritime
space over more than ten centuries [31,
pp.20-22], [3, p.236], [40, pp.54-91].
Nguyen dynasty, “Located 68 Chinese miles due
east of Dien Phuoc district, there is an island
emerging from the sea. It has several names such as
Ngọa Long (i.e. Sitting Dragon), Cù Lao (i.e.
island), and Tiêm Bút (i.e. pen rack) or Chiem Bat
Lao as its ancient name. It plays a role as a
defending screen for Dai Chiem seaport. Residents
of Tan Hiep commune live in the southern side of
the mountain. One can do farming in the fields in the
mountain; our seafarers often stopped by the island
to get fresh water and firewood. There are three
temples: one to worship the “Phuc Ba” general,
another - “Tu Duong Hau”, and the last one - “Bich
Tien”. Some called the last the temple of Cao Cac,
Bo Bo… [34, pp.418-419].
6
In regard to Son Tra peninsula and the Cham
Islands as well as other islands in Central Vietnam,
Le Quy Don wrote: “Off the seaports in Thuan Hoa
and Quang Nam, there are rocky mountains of
different sizes emerging from the sea and playing a
role as a defending screen for the seaports. In
southern district of Bo Chinh (Vietnamese: Châu
Nam Bố Chính), there is an offshore mountain
named Cu Lao Co. It takes about four "canh" (a
canh is roughly equivalent to two hours) to sail
from Bac Bien village, An Nau commune to the
island. In Dien Ban prefecture, there are Hon Tra
Notes
1,2
The paper was published in Vietnamese in: Khoa
học xã hội Việt Nam, số 1, năm 2020. Translated by
Nguyen Tuan Sinh, edited by Etienne Mahler.
3
The terms “Silk Road” was initially raised by
Ferdinand von Richthofen (1833-1905), a German
geographer, in 1877 in a book titled “China”. It is and Hon Lo islands offshore Da Nang seaport. It
takes half a canh to sail from mainland to those
islands. In Thang Hoa prefecture, there are large
mountains named Cu Lao Cham (the Cham Islands)
emerging in the sea off Dai Chiem seaport. Three
of the mountains are located proportionally. Two of
the three mountains are larger and covered with
green trees. People live and do farming in the
mountains. They plant various fruits such as
oranges, mandarins, beans, and peanuts, etc. There
are freshwater streams. The rest one is smaller and
barren. It takes two canh to sail from the mainland
to those islands” [7, pp.105-111], [10, p.116].
written “Seidenstraße” in German or “Silk Road” in
English, referring to a network of inland and
maritime trade routes which connected the East and
West in the medieval period.
4 Drang Lai epitaph, which was discovered in Drang
Lai temple (Gia Lai province) and dates back to
1435, says clearly: “And, the Cham people, who
were ordered by your Excellency to inhabit here in
the highlands together with Viet, Khmer, Laotian,
Siamese, Javanese, and Bengali people: the total
number of the inhabitants is 170” [13, p.55].
25
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 1 (195) - 2020
7
Island Archaeology in Vietnam: Potentiality
and Prospects, Vietnam National University
Press, Hanoi].
Based on the formation characteristics of the trade
ports in Vietnam, we can classify them into four
basic groups: i) River ports: such as Thang Long
(Hanoi), Pho Hien (Hung Yen province), Cu Lao [4] Ngô Văn Doanh (2002), Văn hóa cổ Chămpa,
Nxb Văn hóa Dân tộc, Hà Nội. [Ngo Van
Doanh (2002), Champa Ancient Culture,
Ethnic Cultures Publishing House, Hanoi].
Pho (Dong Nai province), Saigon (Ho Chi Minh
City), and Oc Eo (An Giang); ii) Estuary ports: such
as Van Ninh (Quang Ninh province), Do Me
(Domea, Hai Phong City), Lach Truong (Thanh Hoa
province), Hoi Thong (Nghe An province), Thanh
Ha (Hue City), and Champa seaport - Hoi An
(Quang Nam province); iii) Seaports (located in
lagoons): such as Ky Anh (Ha Tinh province), Thi
Nai - Nuoc Man (Binh Dinh province), etc.; and, iv)
Island ports: such as Van Don (Quang Ninh
province), Cu Lao Cham or Cham Islands (Quang
Nam province), Con Dao and Phu Quoc [16, p.16].
8 In 1307, O and Ly regions were renamed Thuan Chau
and Hoa Chau (i.e. the region of the present-day Quang
Tri, Thua Thien Hue, Quang Nam, and Da Nang)
according to the order of King Tran Anh Tong (1276-
1320) [24, p.17].
[5] Ngô Văn Doanh (2007), “Cây trầm hương
trong đời sống thương mại và văn hóa của
người dân Chămpa xưa và người Việt tỉnh
Khánh Hòa ngày nay”, Việt Nam trong hệ
thống thương mại Châu Á thế kỷ XVI-XVII,
Nxb Thế Giới, Hà Nội. [Ngo Văn Doanh
(2007), “Aquilaria Crassna in Trade and Culture
of Cham People in Past and Vietnamese People in
Khanh Hoa Province at Present”, Vietnam in
Asian Commercial System in 16th and 17th
Centuries, Thế Giới Publishers, Hanoi].
[6] Ngô Văn Doanh (2011), Chămpa - Những dấu
ấn của thời gian, Nxb Thế Giới, Hà Nội. [Ngo
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Thế Giới Publishers, Hanoi].
[7] Lâm Thị Mỹ Dung (2007), “Cù Lao Chàm -
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năng và triển vọng, Hội An. [Lam Thi My
Dzung (2007), “Cham Islands: An Ancient
Land”, Cham Islands: Position, Potentialities,
and Prospects, Hoi An].
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