Research on urban sprawl trends and landscape change in Pleiku city, Gia Lai province
Vietnam Journal of Hydrometeorology, ISSN 2525-2208, 2019 (2-1): 37-47
DOI: 10.36335/VNJHM.2019(2-1).37-47
Research Paper
RESEARCH ON URBAN SPRAWL TRENDS AND LANDSCAPE
CHANGE IN PLEIKU CITY, GIA LAI PROVINCE
Nguyen Ninh Hai1, Nguyen Tuan Anh1, Tran Nguyen Lam Khuong1,
Bach Quang Dung2, Nguyen Minh Ky1*
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received: August 12, 2019 Accepted: October 15, 2019
Publish on: October 25, 2019
ABSTRACT
total urban sprawl area. Studying trends and
types of urban sprawl are useful to manage and
properly allocate for sustainable land resource
as well as urban land use planning.
Keywords: Urban sprawl, urban planning,
urbanization, Pleiku, sustainable management,
landscape.
Urban sprawl is an international phenome-
non happening principally in quickly developing
areas. A study on the spatiotemporal features of
urban sprawl is useful for the sustainable land
management, landscape and urban land plan-
ning. The present research explores the trends,
types and changes of landscape of urban sprawl
in the context of a rapid urbanization process in
Pleiku city and in the Central Highland of Viet
Nam from 2000 to 2019. The results show the ex-
pansion of the Pleiku city has witnessed a fluc-
tuation in its land uses through two decades. The
rate of land use in residential areas has been in-
creasing by 0.22 percent, infrastructures (0.61
percent), and other land (0.41 percent). This as-
sertion is further supported by the rapid reduc-
tion of the vacant land (1.14 percent) and
agriculture land (0.21%). Moreover, three types
of urban sprawl are distinguished by analyzing
covered urban area maps from the analysis of
Satellite data images and current land use maps.
Firstly, it is the outlying type with the area of
3.97 km2, almost 62.72 percent of the total newly
increased urban area. Secondly, the area of the
infilling type is 1.11 km2, which makes up 17.54
percent, and the figure for the edge-expansion
area is 1.25 km2, accounting for 19.75% of the
1. Introduction
The term “sprawl” was first used by Earle
Draper of the Tennessee Valley Authority in the
context of a national conference of planners in
1937 (Maier et al., 2006). Sprawl was referred
to as an unaesthetic and uneconomic settlement
form. The term of “urban sprawl” was first used
in the opening paragraph of an article by the so-
ciologist William Whyte in Fortune magazine in
1958 (Robert, 2002). Planners have since then
used the term to categorize an urban develop-
ment, generating undesired social effects. Urban
Economists also adopted the term and added to
the debate terms like scatter, leapfrogging and
ribbon development.
Urban sprawl is a form of spatial expansion,
characterized by low densities, scattered and dis-
continuous “leapfrog” growth, and isolation of
land uses, encouraging the massive use of pri-
vate vehicles and strip-malls; the form of devel-
opment is found mainly in open, rural lands on
Nguyen Minh
Ky
ꢀ
Corresponding
1Nong Lam Un
2 Viet Nam Met
author: nmky@
hcmuaf.edu.vn
iversity of Ho
eorological an
Chi Minh City
d Hydrometeo
- Gia Lai camp
us, Vietnam
rological Adm
inistration, Ha
Noi, Vietnam
37
Research on urban sprawl trends and landscape change in Pleiku city, Gia Lai province
the edge of metropolitan areas (Richard, 1989; formation is shrinkage, defined as the decrease
Ewing, 1997; Burchell et al., 1998; Hadly, in size of objects, such as patches (Richard,
2000). The phenomenon of urban sprawl, often 1995). Outlying growth is characterized by a
known as suburbanization, started at the end of change from non-developed to developed land-
the industrial era, and it has continued since cover occurring beyond existing developed
throughout the world, especially in Western areas (Wilson et al., 2003). This type of growth
countries (Robert and Clark, 1965; Real Estate has been called development beyond the urban
Research Corporation, 1974; Edwin and Bruce, fringe (Anderson, 2001). The outlying growth
1990). Many new urban patches have emerged designation is divided into the following three
from the previous agricultural land and tremen- classes: isolated, linear branch, and clustered
dous changes of landscape pattern have taken branch (Wilson et al., 2003).
place within the study period (Lv et al., 2011).
Vietnam is entering into an important stage
In terms of different urban form, Wilson et of urbanization, space and population in urban
al. (2003) have identified three categories of areas have increased rapidly (World Bank,
urban growth: infill, expansion, and outlying, 2011), beyond the control of the government,
with outlying urban growth further separated causing several consequences on national land
into isolated, linear branch, and clustered branch resources, imbalance of environmental ecosys-
growth. The relation to existing developed areas tems, imbalance in architectural space, depletion
is important when determining what kind of of cultural and historical architectural, and re-
urban growth has occurred. An infill growth is duction of urban land rapidly, putting great pres-
characterized by a non-developed pixel being sure on technical infrastructure (Nguyen Van
converted to urban use and surrounded by at Hieu, 2017).
least 40% existing developed pixels. It can be
Since the 2000s, Vietnam’s urban areas have
defined as the development of a small tract of developed in three main trends: (1) The trend of
land mostly surrounded by urban land-cover scaling up by the merging of peri-urban areas,
(Wilson et al., 2003). Ellman (1997) defines in- urbanized agricultural communes, which are
fill policies as the encouragement to develop va- shifting from agriculture to services and handi-
cant land in already built-up areas. Infill craft production, the agricultural production part
development usually occurs where public facil- is declining; (2) The trend of expanding urban
ities such as sewer, water, and roads has already space by investing in synchronous urban infra-
existed (Wilson et al., 2003). Forman (1995) de- structure, building new modern urban areas cre-
scribes infill attrition as the disappearance of ob- ates favorable conditions for expanded urban
jects such as patches and corridors (Richard, development; (3) The tendency to extension and
1995). An expansion growth is characterized by encroach on the beaches to construct the new
a non-developed pixel being converted to devel- urban areas, both as a means of increasing the
oped and surrounded by no more than 40% ex- urban area, facilitating the development of new
isting developed pixels. This conversion modern urban centers and developing an attrac-
represents an expansion of the existing urban tive new urban image (Ha Dao, 2019).
patch (Wilson et al., 2003). Expansion-type de-
A study showed an expansion of Hanoi urban
velopment has been called metropolitan fringe areas from nearly 1000 ha to 6000 ha in the pe-
development or urban fringe development (An- riod of 30 years. This trend illustrated Hanoi's
derson, 2001). Forman (1995) discusses it as urban starts diffusing sprawl development from
edge development, defined as a land type 1984 to 1992 (Pham and Yasushi, 2008). Mean-
spreading unidirectional in more or less parallel while, another study in Central Highland, the un-
strips from an edge. The analogous land trans- stable urbanization process has been taking place
38
Nguyen Ninh Hai et al./ Vietnam Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019 (2-1): 37-47
among 5 provinces of this zone, both the volume Laos and Cambodia to maritime ports of Viet
of urban and the level of urbanization (Hoang, Nam.
2014).
Pleiku city is one of the most economically
In Pleiku city, the study of urbanization dynamic city in Gia Lai province since the start
trends is as a basis for urban planners and man- of the economic reform in 1986. Socio-economic
agers to propose the appropriate planning poli- development and rapid urbanization have led to
cies, which has not implemented yet. Moreover, a significant transformation in the pattern of land
the rational land use helps promote the land po- use. The growing need for housing to accom-
tential as well as simultaneously achieve the modate the increasing population has led to an
socio-economic development goals of municipal ever-growing urban expansion through the en-
in the coming years. Therefore, there is a need croachment of non-urban land, especially agri-
to assess trends and the type of urban expansion cultural land. During this period, a large amount
and landscape, which is the scientific basis for of fertile agricultural land was transformed into
solving the conflicts on the relationship between other purposes in Pleiku because of rapid urban-
urban development and land use, as a basis for ization and weak land management.
proposing future urban development policies.
Hence, the study on trends and types of urban
expansion in Pleiku City, Gia Lai province is re-
ally necessary and towards sustainable urban de-
velopment. The study in Pleiku city is a
representative case study for small and medium-
sized cities in Vietnam.
2. Methodology
2.1. The study area
Pleiku city of Gia Lai province, a small urban
area, is located in the North’s of Highland area of
Viet Nam (Fig.1), between 13°50’00” to
14o04’44” North, 107°49’30” to 108o06’22”
West. The study area covers 9 communes and 14
wards, which together, cover an area of approx-
Fig. 1. Location of study area
imately 260 km2. The current population figure
is estimated to be 230.489 inhabitants, with an
annual growth rate of 1.4 percent (Pleiku Sta-
tistics Office, 2019).
2.2. Research methodology
2.2.1. Data collection method
The data were collected into two datasets, one
Pleiku city plays a significant role in the Cen- for from primary and secondary data. Primary
tral Highland area of Viet Nam and the whole data were collected by observation and aerial
Indochina area by special location lies on the photographs including the Satellite data via web-
Ho Chi Minh boulevard, which are lifeblood lite image of 2019 was created to cover the study
roads to connect the whole country and In- area. Moreover, the study carried out a ground
dochina area (Tran, 2019). In addition, the city is observation in study areas on October 13-26,
nearly to both Le Thanh (between Viet Nam and 2019, and recorded for 130 images. These loca-
Cambodia) and Ngoc Hoi (between Viet Nam, tions determined in place of urban sprawl.
Laos and Cambodia) international border gates,
Secondary data were collected from local au-
significant routes to transport products from thorities within Pleiku city and Gia Lai
39
Research on urban sprawl trends and landscape change in Pleiku city, Gia Lai province
province, such as Land use status quo map classify the types of urban sprawl in Pleiku
(LUSM) from the Department of Natural Re- town, the study used the method of literature re-
source and Environment (DONRE), a map that view and based on the framework of Wilson et
demonstrated the distribution of various types of al. (2003) and Jun et al. (2011). A metric T was
land at a specified time, and was made according defined for calculating the ration between the
to each administrative unit (The National As- length of common edge of newly developed
sembly, 2013). A map of LUSM at scale urban patches and existing urban patches as:
1:10.000 was covering the city in 2019 to deter-
mine the residential areas, produced by the
T = Lc/l
(1)
where Lc (km) is the length of the common
DONRE and converted into a digital format. edge between a newly developed urban patch
Similarly, demographic data were obtained from and an existing urban patch, l (km) is the perime-
the People’s Community of Pleiku city. Popula- ter of the newly developed urban patch. The
tion data from Statistical Yearbook of 2000, value of T is between 0 and 1. If T > 0.5, it
2005, 2010, 2015 and 2019 were used. In addi- means that at least 50% of the new urban patches
tion, the documents showed the patterns of phys- is surrounded by the old urban square, and it rep-
ical and socioeconomic change of the municipal resents the infilling type (Fig. 2a); if 0 < T the
such as population and density, sectors of econ- new urban patches develop from the edge of the
omy growth, infrastructures, transportation, old urban covers, and the common length is less
recreation, urban open were gained from De- than 50% of its frontier. This type is edge ex-
partment of Agricultural and Rural development pansion (Fig. 2b) or shrinkage (Richard, 1995);
(DARD), Department of Plan and Invest (DPI), if T = 0, it means that the new urban areas have
Department of Transportation (DOT) and was no spatial association with the old urban patches,
aggregated by authors.
and this is outlying type (Fig. 1c) with outlying
urban growth further separated into isolated, lin-
2.3.2. Data analysis
A free software environment for statistical ear branch, and clustered branch growth (Fig. 3)
computing and graphics supported by the R (Richard, 1989; Wilson et al., 2003). The dis-
Foundation for Statistical Computing was used tance to existing developed areas is important
to analyses data and to illustrates several graph- when determining what kind of urban growth has
ical of figures. In addition, a free and open occurred (Karen and Michail, 2005; Basudeb,
source cross platform desktop geographic infor-
mation system (QGIS) application that supports
viewing, editing and exporting graphical map of
Pleiku urban sprawl.
In order to figure out the number of land use
trends and the occupied land scale, Microsoft 2010).
Excel was employed to carry out.
(a)
(b)
(c)
New-urban
Old - urban
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
ꢀ
2.3.3. Approach and methods
Fig 2. The three types of urban sprawl (a) Infill-
ing type, (b) Edge expansion, (c) Outlying type
This study is a first attempt to determine land
use trends types in Pleiku urban during the past
two decades from a landscape perspective. The
local review studied documents such as the Land
In addition, other documents reviewed in-
use status quo map in 2000 and 2019 (Pleiku De- clude the sectors of socio-economic develop-
partment of Natural Resources and Environment, ment, infrastructural, residential, commercial,
2019).
industrial, transportation, recreation, urban open
In term of the approach and methodology, to and so forth to identify the major stakeholders
40
Nguyen Ninh Hai et al./ Vietnam Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019 (2-1): 37-47
ment orientation (Gia Lai Government, 2005 and
2018), typical projects such as roads systems of
Ho Chi Minh (phase 2); bypasses of Pleiku city;
school system (branch of Nong Lam University;
Chau A - Thai Binh Duong school; Nguyen Chi
Thanh school); service systems likes HAGL
hotel, Duc Long hotel, etc.).
Thirdly, service and commercial land in-
creased by 1.09% in the period of 19 years, in
2000 it accounted for only 0.08% but reached
ꢀ
1.17% in 2019, an increase of 15 times (equiva-
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of outlying urban
lent to 2.13 km2), and equivalent to an average
growth pattern (Basudeb, 2010)
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Trends of physical growth of Pleiku city
Land use analysis in Table 1 shows that be-
increase of 0.12 km2/year. The main force to in-
crease commercial land was the factor of popu-
lation, combining with policies in investment
and development of infrastructural and housing,
tween 2000 and 2019, the development of Pleiku
which requires investors to continuing in ex-
city has witnessed changes in land uses. The sig-
panding and upgrading their business systems.
nificance of the change in the land uses as a re-
For example, household furniture, office equip-
sult of urban sprawl has been discussed and it
ment on Pham Van Dong street; interior decora-
has significantly affected farming lands in the
tion materials on Tran Phu and Phan Dinh
area.
Phung; beauty services, cosmetics business,
Firstly, the residential land area increased
clothes, fashion shoes on Thong Nhat, Cu Chinh
quickly and continuously during the period
Lan streets; markets in Chu A commune, Hoa Lu
shown, enlarged by nearly 12.17 km2, equivalent
ward on Cach Mang Thang Tam street.
to 8.29% (in 2000, it was only 2.47%, of course,
it reached 10.76% in 2019), an average increase
Looking at land use trends, the research il-
lustrates that increased land area was mainly
of 0.64 km2/year. The main reason was deter-
transferred from agricultural land and vacant
mined by the rapid increase in the population of
land. On the one hand, the land for agriculture
the nuclear family process as well as free migra-
(Land of forests and other agriculture) con-
tion to find agricultural production materials of
tributed significantly more to infrastructural and
ethnic minorities in the North and migration
residential land in Pleiku city than the others. For
from rural to urban (Katherine, 2010) in the re-
example, land of forests decreased gradually,
gion over two decades (from 135,000 in 2000 to
with 3.07%, equivalent to 5.66 km2, an average
254.802 people in 2018), an increase of 119,802
reduction of 0.30 km2/year). In addition, the rate
people.
of decrease of the other farming land was 25.81
Secondly, land use of infrastructure increased
percent of total conversion area through 19
rapidly and continuously throughout the study
years, equivalent to 63.08 km2, an average re-
period, accounting for only 4.64% in 2000 but
duction of 3.32 km2/year).
reaching 11.20% in 2019, an increase of 2.5
On the other hand, over the time period in
times (equivalent to 14.43 km2) within 19 years,
question the amount of reduction of vacant land
an average increase of 0.76 km2/year. This trans-
was steadily become more important, actually
formation is still a trend up to now, with the rea-
having a change of 17.49 percent, respectively
son for developing infrastructure for the
33.89 km2, an average reduction of 1.78
transition of economy from agriculture to indus-
km2/year, which was about 0.6 times lower than
try and services according to the city’s develop-
the rate of cultivated parcel (28.88%). This is
41
Research on urban sprawl trends and landscape change in Pleiku city, Gia Lai province
due to the transformation from vacant land to an- nual crops and perennial trees.
Table 1. Land use inventory of the Pleiku city
Change
2019/2000
Years
ID
Land Use Types
Area
2000
2005
2010
2015
2019
%
(km2)
A
1
2
3
4
5
B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
C
Agricultural land uses categories
Land for cultivation of annual crops
Land for cultivation of perennial trees
Land of forests
175.46
33.37
39.64
34.84
0.20
174.51
35.79
42.84
32.50
0.20
178.42
49.05
96.47
32.19
0.35
189.36
54.57
111.53
22.69
0.49
188.81
53.30
108.08
26.84
0.49
14.30
17.51
65.24
-5.66
0.29
5.49
7.64
26.25
-3.07
0.11
Aquaculture land
Other agricultural land
Other land uses categories
Residential
67.41
37.84
6.43
63.18
50.51
15.88
0.89
0.36
0.08
0.10 -63.08 -25.81
56.51
24.51
1.17
66.45
27.48
1.63
70.10
28.05
2.13
19.59
12.17
1.24
12.37
8.29
0.73
1.09
0.24
0.27
6.56
-4.81
Office land
0.23
Commercial land
0.20
0.72
1.15
1.80
3.05
2.33
Green and sport areas (open spaces)
Industrial land
0.10
0.41
0.57
0.69
0.72
0.31
0.72
1.61
1.61
1.43
1.43
-0.18
14.43
Infrastructures land
12.10
18.06
47.48
14.78
16.22
35.75
20.25
7.25
27.62
5.80
29.21
Others land
5.51 -10.71
Vacant land (unused land)
25.84
4.96
1.86 -33.89 -17.49
These fluctuations in the structure of the land peri-urban status of these peripheral settlements,
use are consistent with the socio-economic de- and increasing in infrastructures of roads,
velopment in Pleiku city. The rapid physical ex- schools, hospitals and so forth, resulting in in-
pansion of the city explains the current creasing consumption of sub-urban land.
Fig. 4. Land use trends in Pleiku city
42
Nguyen Ninh Hai et al./ Vietnam Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019 (2-1): 37-47
Landscape Characteristics in 2019
The term landscape characteristic equally to
28.88% of the total (Table 2).
In the larger context, built-up areas expanded
land use type in urban areas. Pleiku city land- primarily along the National Road No.19 and
scape is concerns on the degraded and loss of National Road No. 14 parallel to the develop-
agriculture land in area. It is not concerned with ment of the transportation network. In particu-
what landscape makes one landscape better or lar, the urban spread in a linear pattern toward
worse than another.
the Tan Son, Bien Ho, Dien Phu and Phu An
Agricultural land declined to 0.21% of the communes. In this process, the low-density res-
total area and was typically isolated on the pe- idential character of the study area was mostly
ripheries of the study zone, which had a very
replaced with high-density mixed uses and
patchy and scattered configuration (Fig. 5). The was mainly situated on the slopes of hills in the
built-up areas became the most predominant northern part of the study area.
land-use type in the urban landscape of Pleiku
ꢀ
Fig. 5. Landscape change types in Pleiku city
3.2. Types of urban sprawl and areas af-
fected in Pleiku city
Detailed analysis of the newly expanded
urban areas revealed the general trends of ur-
banization process and pointed out the configu-
ration of the different urban sprawl types in
Pleiku city between 2000 and 2019. The types
of three kind of urban growths are illustrated in
Fig. 6 and Table 2.
The Fig. 6 shows that the types of urban
sprawl in Pleiku are similar to framework of
Wilson et al. (2003) and Jun et al. (2011). These
three types of urban growth have been visualized
in this study including infilling type, edge ex-
pansion and outlying type.
Fig. 6. Spatial distribution of three urban
growth types in study area in Pleiku city
43
Research on urban sprawl trends and landscape change in Pleiku city, Gia Lai province
Table 2. Land areas of urban sprawl
nial trees and Annual crops) within the urban re-
gion, made them more compact, and also slightly
changed urban boundaries between Pleiku city
and neighboring districts (Chu Pah and Ia Grai).
In conclusion, in terms of infilling sprawl, the
relatively corresponded to sustainable sprawl
types (Roberto et al., 2002). The alternation of
dominative sprawl types indicated that urban ex-
pansion was becoming “relative” and “sustain-
able” when we consider the previous “waste”
character in land use.
Types of
urban
sprawl
Area
(km2)
Communes/
Wards
Zones
(%)
I1
I2
I3
0.56
0.3
8.85
4.74
3.95
17.54
5.53
5.53
8.69
19.75
7.27
7.27
4.90
8.21
6.48
5.21
6.64
4.27
5.69
6.79
62.72
100.0
Thong Nhat
Dong Da
Ia Kring
Infilling
type
0.25
1.11
0.35
0.35
0.55
1.25
0.46
0.46
0.31
0.52
0.41
0.33
0.42
0.27
0.36
0.43
3.97
6.33
Sum
E1
E2
E3
Thong Nhat
Dien Phu
Hoa Lu
Edge
expansion
Sum
In1
In2
In3
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
N1
N2
Bien Ho
Yen The
Tra Da
Tan Son
Bien Ho
Dien Phu
Phu An
Chu Hdrong
Phu Dong
Phu Dong
Outlying
Fig. 7. Infilling type in Thong Nhat and
Dong Da wards
3.2.2. Edge expansion
Sum
Total
From Table 2, it can be seen that the whole
city has 6.33 km2 and divided into 16 urban
sprawl zones, accounting for 2.43 percent of
total land area and 22.57 percent of total resi-
dential areas.
The comparison among the three sprawl
types, as the majority sprawl - outlying sprawl
reach at 3.97 km2 and became the main sprawl
type, which makes up 62.72 percent of urban
sprawl areas. In term of edge expansion, the sec-
Fig. 8. . Edge type in Hoa Lu ward
The edge enlargement sprawl, which was
ond type of urban sprawl is 1.25 km2, which practically saturated and compact, was the sec-
makes up 19.75 percent. With regard to the in- ond major sprawl type as shown in Fig. 8. Edge-
filling type, this type is 1.11 km2, which are the expansion emerged mostly in the adjacent urban
smallest one with only 17.54 percent.
fringe (Nick et al., 2006). The most sprawl type,
which accounted for 19.75 percent of the total
3.2.1. Infilling type
As for the infilling type, its area was smallest sprawl areas, was the edge expansion sprawl in
in urban sprawl. It was prominent where expan- Thong Nhat ward, and Dien Phu, Chu Hdrong
sion occurred in the infilling of the remaining communes (from E1 to E3), where land was
open spaces within urban areas. ready to develop from the edge of the pre-devel-
This study has revealed that the infilling oped area (Duong et al., 2018).
urban sprawl regions consist of Thong Nhat,
Dong Da and Ia Kring wards with three locations
3.2.3. Outlying type
The outlying sprawl, which includes inso-
(from I1 to I3), as shown in Fig. 7, which were lated type, linear branch and nucleated branch,
transformed non-urban lands (Lands of Peren- has been the summing almost 62.72 percent of
44
Nguyen Ninh Hai et al./ Vietnam Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019 (2-1): 37-47
the whole study area, which was considered to Michail, 2005). Outlying characterized the
be the majority sprawl type. Development out- newly scattered development that was far away
side the main urban region was a reflection of from the pre-developed urban zone which is de-
rural towns adopting strategies to establish de- scribed below:
velopment or industrial zones (Karen and
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 9. Outlying types in Pleiku city (a) Insolated expansion type, (b) Linear spreading out type,
(c) Nucleated type
a) Isolated type
12.48 percent of the total sprawl areas, was the
The whole city has 1.23 km2 isolated areas, development sprawl in Hoa Lu ward (N1 and
which accounted for 20.34 percent of urban N2). The location of nucleated settlement can be
sprawl in Bien Ho commune, Yen The and Tra determined by a range of factors, including being
Da wards (from I1 to I3), as shown in Fig. 9a. easy to defend, close to a water supply or located
Dispersed settlements are ones where the houses at main routes. This proximity makes communi-
are spread out over a wide area. They are often cation quicker and easier than in linear and dis-
the homes of farmers and can be found in peri- persed settlements. Because people are closer
urban areas of Pleiku city.
together, it is also easier to do daily tasks such as
buying and selling of goods and services.
4. Conclusions and recommendations
Spatial and temporal studies on urban sprawl
b) Linear branch
As far as the other types of urban growth are
concerned, linear settlements in study area, the
buildings are constructed in lines shape, often or urban areas expansion are necessary for land
next to a geographical feature in a lake shore, a planning and urban planning in Viet Nam, which
stream or following a road in Tan Son, Bien Ho, is experiencing a rapid increase of land demand
Dien Phu, Phu An and Chu Hdrong communes, for construction in the context of economic de-
as shown in Fig. 9b. The number of liner settle- velopment and population growth. Understand-
ments has 1.95 km2, 30.81 percent of total urban ing the change in the spatial configuration of
sprawl area, is considerably more common than urban areas over time is essential for identifying
insolated type, which makes up 20.34 percent.
Most urban sprawl sites are located around
the effects of urban sprawl and landscape.
In term of land use, the results of the assess-
the sub-urban areas of Pleiku city, within or near ment of land use trends in the period of 2000-
villages of ethnic minorities.
2019 show that the land use and landscape of
Pleiku city has changed rapidly and significantly.
c) Nucleated or Clustered branch
The nucleated sprawl, where buildings are Perhaps the biggest change has been in the over-
close together, often clustered around a central all of settlement and infrastructures plots. Ac-
point, was the third sprawl type in outlying companying this shift in the composition of land
which as shown in Fig. 9c. The area of the use trends has been a changing in its type, most
sprawl type is 0.79 km2, which accounts for notably a reduction outside of agriculture in term
45
Research on urban sprawl trends and landscape change in Pleiku city, Gia Lai province
of land for cultivation of annual crops, perennial 3. Burchell, R.W., Shad, N.A., Listokin, D.,
trees and vacant land. In general, the trend of Phillips, H., Downs, A., Seskin, S., Davis, J.S.,
land use fluctuations in the region is consistent Moore, T., Helton, D., Gall, M., 1998. The Costs
with socio-economic development of Pleiku of Sprawl--Revisited. Transit Cooperative Re-
city.
search Program (TCRP) Report 39, Transporta-
Besides, the results revealed a remarkable ex- tion Research Board, Washington.
pansion of urban areas between 2000 and 2019.
4. Duong, H.N., Christopher, A.L., Tomoaki,
The different types of urban sprawl showed a M., Jefferson, M.F., 2018. Quantifying urban
tendency of leading the shape of the whole land- growth patterns in Hanoi using landscape ex-
scape composed by the three different sprawl pansion modes and time series spatial metrics.
types to become regular in outline in distribu- PLoS ONE, 13 (5): e0196940.
tion. According to the sprawl quantifying mech-
anism, outlying sprawl was often appearing at Sprawl? Arizona Issue Analysis, 146: 21.
outside the chief inner-city area, that extended 6. Edwin, S.M., Bruce, W.H., 1990. Urban
urban coverage, have accelerated the increase of Economics. Land Economics, 66: 224-226.
urban size significantly. The expanse of infilling 7. Ewing, R., 1997. Is Los Angeles-Style
5. Ellman, T., 1997. Infill: The Cure for
was gradually transformed non-urban parcels Sprawl Desirable?. J. Am. Plann. Assoc., 63 (1):
within the urban region for municipal use, the 107-126.
urban patches gather gradually to be more com-
8. Gia Lai Government, 2005. Master plan
pact. The edge expansion was to develop from on urban development of Pleiku until 2020. Gia
the edge of the pre-developed area, the pre-con- Lai.
structed urban areas or far from the core areas.
9. Gia Lai Government, 2018. Adjustment re-
Finally, because of the inadequate analysis of port on construction master plan of Pleiku city to
urban sprawl and its effects, the mechanism and 2030, vision to 2050. Gia Lai.
manifestation of urban sprawl was not explained
10. Ha Dao, 2019. Three development trends
in this study, thereby needing further considera- of Vietnam urban, Construction Newspaper, ac-
rapidly developing regions should concentrate dung.com.vn/3-xu-huong-phat-trien-cua-do-thi-
on the effects of the different sprawl types on viet-nam-265454.html>.
sustainable land use and urbanization, distribu-
11. Hadly, C.C., 2000. Urban Sprawl: Indi-
tion of the different sprawl types. The links be- cators, Causes, and Solutions. Doc. Prep.
tween socioeconomic driving forces and urban Bloomingt. Environ. Comm.
sprawl configuration with social, economic, and
12. Hoang, B.T., 2014. Developing the Cen-
environmental effects have to be clearly under- tral Highlands Urban System in Vietnam. Jour-
stood, which may play an important role in nal of Vietnam Social Science, 5 (78): 49-59.
urban planning in Pleiku city.
13. Katherine, V.M.F., 2010. Internal migra-
tion - Opportunities and challenges for socio-
economic development in Vietnam. The United
References
1. Anderson, H., 2001. Development at the Nations Development Program in Viet Nam,
Urban Fringe and Beyond: Impacts on Agricul- Hanoi.
ture and Rural Land. ERS Agricultural Eco-
nomic Report (No. 1473-2016-120733).
14. Karen, C.S., Michail, F., 2005. Quantify-
ing Spatiotemporal Patterns of Urban Land-use
2. Basudeb, B., 2010. Analysis of Urban Change in Four Cities of China with Time Se-
Growth and Sprawl from Remote Sensing Data. ries Landscape Metrics. Landscape Ecology, 20
Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated.
(7): 871-888.
46
Nguyen Ninh Hai et al./ Vietnam Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019 (2-1): 37-47
15. Lv, Z.Q., Dai, F.Q., Sun, C., 2011. Eval- 24. Richard, T.T.F., 1995. Land mosaics: The
uation of urban sprawl and urban landscape ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge
pattern in a rapidly developing region. Environ University Press.
Monit Assess., 184 (10): 6437-48.
25. Robert, W.W., 2002. Fiscalisation of
16. Maier, G., Franz, G., Schrock, P., 2006. Land Use, Urban Growth Boundaries and Non-
Urban sprawl. How useful is this concept?. Pro- central Retail Sprawl in the Western United
ceedings of ERSA conference papers (No. States. Sage Publ. Ltd, 39 (8): 1307-1327.
ersa06p105). European Regional Science Asso-
ciation.
26. Robert, O.H., Clark, W.A.V., 1965. The
Nature and Economics of Urban Sprawl. Land
17. Nick, G., Marco, B., Johan, A., 2006. Economics, 41: 1-9.
Planning on the edge: England’s rural - Urban
27. Roberto, C., Maria, C.G., Paolo, R., 2002.
fringe and the spatial-planning agenda. Envi- Urban mobility and urban form: The social and
ronment and Planning B: Planning and Design, environmental costs of different patterns of
33 (3): 457-476.
urban expansion. Ecol. Econ., 40 (2): 199-216.
28. The National Assembly, 2013. Vietnam
18. Nguyen, V.H., 2017. Solutions to develop
cities in Vietnam toward the sustainable way. Land Law 2013 - Law No. 45/2013/QH13,
Journal of Industry and Trade, 4: 5.
Hanoi.
29. Tran, X.Q., 2019. The target of Pleiku
19. Pham, M.H., Yasushi, Y., 2008. Charac-
terizing the urban growth of Hanoi, Nagoya, and City towards to the Type I, Gia Lai Online,
Shanghai City using remote sensing and spatial acessed on Oct 2019
14th
metrics. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Sym- < h t t p s : / / b a o g i a l a i . c o m . v n / c h a n -
posium, Nagoya University, Japan, 5: 5-9. nel/9044/201902/pleiku-huong-den-muc-tieu-
20. Pleiku Statistics Office, 2019. Statistical do-thi-loai-i-5619509/index.htm>.
Yearbook of Pleiku city 2018, Gia Lai.
30. Wilson, E.H., James, D.H., Daniel, L.C.,
21. Pleiku Department of Natural Resources Michael, P.P., Chester, A., 2003. Development of
and Environment, 2019. Map of land use status a Geospatial Model to Quantify, Describe and
of Pleiku city in 2019, Gia Lai.
Map Urban Growth. Remote Sens. Environ.,
22. Real Estate Research Corporation, 1974. 86(3): 275-285.
The Costs of Sprawl, Detailed Cost Analysis.
U.S. Government Printing Office.
31. World Bank, 2011. Evaluation of urban-
ization in Vietnam. WB, Washington, D.C.,
23. Richard, B.P., 1989. Density and Urban United States.
Sprawl. Land Economics, 65 (3): 193-204.
47
11 trang
16380
Free
Bạn đang xem tài liệu "Research on urban sprawl trends and landscape change in Pleiku city, Gia Lai province", để tải tài liệu gốc về máy hãy click vào nút Download ở trên
File đính kèm:
- research_on_urban_sprawl_trends_and_landscape_change_in_plei.pdf
