Paper sheets made from sugarcane bagasse and lemongrass by-products: Synthesis and properties
Vietnam J. Agri. Sci. 2021, Vol. 19, No. 7: 964-974
Tạp chí Khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam 2021, 19(7): 964-974
PAPER SHEETS MADE FROM SUGARCANE BAGASSE
AND LEMONGRASS BY-PRODUCTS: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES
Ngo Thi Thuong1, Tran Thi Thuy Dung2, Chu Thi Thanh1,
Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh1, Le Thi Thu Huong1*
1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture,
2Student at K61CNTPA class, Faculty of Food Science and Technology,
Vietnam National University of Agriculture
*Correspondence to: [email protected]
Received: 02.03.2020
Accepted: 04.03.2021
ABSTRACT
Plastic single-use packaging is one of the largest contributors to plastic pollution in Vietnam as well as in many
other countries. Alternative materials, especially materials derived from natural and renewable sources, should be
developed to solve this global issue. In this study, we aimed to investigate the synthesis and properties of packaging
paper sheets from sugarcane bagasse and lemongrass by-products. The delignification of the biomass was
implemented at different NaOH/biomass ratios and hydrolysis times while the paper making process was studied at
various sugarcane bagasse/lemongrass ratios and different amounts of glycerol and starch additives. The obtained
paper sheets were then tested for their mechanic properties and water absorption through ASTM (American Society
for Testing and Materials) procedures, and the biodegradability by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results
showed that the paper sheets at the optimized conditions had low thickness (0.3mm), density (0.4 g cm-3), and water
absorption but high tensile strength (19 N mm-2) and flexural modulus (17 N). These properties and their
biodegradability suggest that the paper sheets could potentially be used in packaging.
Keywords: Biodegradability, lemongrass, optimization, paper sheet making, sugarcane bagasse, tensile strength.
There is
a
lot of agricultural waste
1. INTRODUCTION
containing fiber in Vietnam such as sugarcane
bagasse, lemongrass bagasse (by-product of
lemongrass after essential oil distillation), rice
straw, banana pseudostems and leaves, and
Zingiberaceae leaves. Sugarcane bagasse
compositions are mainly cellulose (about 60%),
hemicellulose (20%), glucose (10%), and some
other ingredients. Although sugarcane bagasse
is considered the ideal raw material for
producing many new products due to its
abundant supply and stable price, it needs to be
modified to obtain the desired mechanical
properties. For example, cellulosic fibers from
bagasse were combined with powders to form
composite materials; combined with gelatin,
starch, and agar for making tableware; or mixed
with wood pulp resins and other natural fibers
(Loh et al., 2013). The cellulose content in
White pollution or plastic pollution has
become
a global problem that has many
severely negative impacts on humans and the
ecosystem. One of the biggest sources of plastic
pollution is about 400 million tons of single-use
packaging that accounts for 36% of the total
plastic production annually (UNEP, 2018). It is
urgent to find out alternative sustainable
materials to replace plastic in the packaging
industry. Renewable agricultural by-product
fibers have attracted much attention from
researchers worldwide to serve as substitutes
for petroleum-based polymers which can be
highly contaminated by hazardous substances
such as PAH (Rochman et al., 2013), PCB
(Pascall et al., 2005) or heavy metals (Alam et
al., 2018a; Alam et al., 2018b).
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Ngo Thi Thuong, Tran Thi Thuy Dung, Chu Thi Thanh, Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh, Le Thi Thu Huong
lemongrass by-products is about 40% (Kaur &
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Dutt, 2013). When combined with sugarcane
bagasse, the difference in cellulose content and
polymeric chain lengths of the different fibers
may enhance some mechanical properties of the
obtained composites (Agustina et al., 2019).
2.1. Raw materials preparation
The bagasse and lemongrass by-products
were collected in Hanoi. The collected materials
were dried in an oven (42°C) for 3 days, cut into
small pieces with average lengths of ~3cm,
again dried at 42°C overnight, and then kept in
plastic seal pack bags until further utilization.
It was also published that fibers from
agricultural by-products could be used to
make paper sheets. In Oman, Khalsa Al-
Sulaimani and his research group (Al-
Sulaimani et al., 2017) produced handmade
paper from bagasse and banana stalk fiber.
The research team investigated three
composition formulas: formula 1 had only raw
materials from bagasse and banana, formula 2
and 3 were fibers mixed with CaCO3 fillers
(2% and 5%), respectively, and starch (2%-5%)
for adhesion. The research results showed that
adding additives increased adhesion and the
whiteness of the paper while reducing the
paper thickness. Bagasse is more rigid than
banana fiber so it is suitable for wrapping
paper, while banana fiber is very suitable for
making soft paper such as tissue paper.
Delignification (Isolation of lignin from
biomass)
To produce paper sheets, the biomass was
first delignified to separate the fibers from the
lignin, a group of substances that attach the
fibers with each other. To determine the
optimized parameters of delignification, the
samples were treated with NaOH at different
ratios (from 4 to 20% NaOH/biomass) and
different NaOH concentrations (1M to 5M) and
the samples were denoted as TN1.1 to TN1.4.
The samples were treated for various periods of
time (from 0.5h to 2h) corresponding to samples
TN2.1 to TN2.4. After the delignification, the
solid fractions were separated by muslin cloth,
rinsed with water until neutral, and dried in
the oven (42°C) for 3 days. The solid fractions
were weighed before being mixed with 1L of
water and grinding to form a pulp mixture. The
paper making yield (%) was determined by
Formula (1):
Although these fibers are important
resources, there are few environmental-friendly
applications of these materials in use now in
Vietnam. The major quantity of sugarcane
bagasse in Vietnam is used for low value
thermal purposes resulting in carbon release.
Sugarcane and lemon bagasse have been
sometimes used as microbiological fertilizer
(Pham, 2017) or animal feed (Hoang, 2017).
However, huge amounts of these by-products
are discharged into the environment or burned,
resulting in a waste of resources and increased
greenhouse gas emissions.
Making yield (%) = Paper sheet weight/
Delignified biomass weight 100 (1)
2.2. Paper Making
The above-mentioned pulp was used to
make sheets of paper. In this step, additives
(glycerol and starch) were added to the pulp and
the ratios of the biomass were varied to enhance
the properties of the paper. Glycerol was added
at the amounts of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8ml for 50g of
initial biomass (TN3.1 to TN3.5). The mass
ratios of the sugarcane bagasse and lemongrass
by-products were 100-0, 90-10, 80-20, and
70-30 (TN4.1 to TN4.4). Starch was added at 2,
4, and 6% for 2 ratios of the biomass (TN5.1 to
TN5.6)
In our previous initial study, we found
that sugarcane and lemongrass bagasse could
be combined to generate bio composites (Ngo et
al., 2018). In this study, we aimed to
systematically investigate the synthesis and
properties of paper sheets made by different
combinations of sugarcane bagasse and
lemongrass by-products.
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Paper sheets made from sugarcane bagasse and lemongrass by-products: Synthesis and properties
.
Figure 1. Synthesis and characterization diagram of the paper sheets
2.3. Paper testing
2.3.3. Tensile strength and flexural
modulus
Based on ASTM D638 and ASTM D790, the
tensile strength and flexural modulus were
measured in a universal testing machine. Three
paper bands of 210 cm for each sample were
tested to determine the average values.
The pH, thickness, density, tensile
strength, flexural modulus, and water
absorption were determined from the obtained
paper sheets according to respective ASTM. In
addition, the biodegradability test was carried
out according to the published procedure of
Marichelvam et al. (2019).
2.3.4. Water absorption
2.3.1. pH test
Water absorption of the paper sheets was
determined at room conditions (ASTM D570-
98). The paper pieces of 5 2cm were weighed
before (wi) and after (wf) the water absorption
process. Each sample was tested 3 times to get
an average value. The percent of absorbed
water was calculated by Formula (3):
To determine the pH of the paper sheets,
3 3cm pieces were immersed in 50ml of
distilled water for 5h. The pH values of the
solutions were then measured with a pH meter
(HANNA HI98107).
2.3.2. Thickness and density determination
% wwater = [(wf – wi)/wi] 100
(3)
The thicknesses of paper pieces sized 2
2cm were determined with an electronic caliper
(Mitutoyo) (Figure 1). The pieces were also
weighed in an analytical balance. The density of
each sample was calculated by Formula (2):
where wwater is the weight percentage of the
water absorbed by the paper, wi is the weight of
the dry paper sample, and wf is the weight of
the saturated paper sample.
2.3.5. Biodegradability Test
m
2 2 h
d
(2)
The biodegradability of the best sample
(paper with high tensile strength, low density,
and low water absorption) was determined. This
sample was cut into pieces of 2 2cm. Soil
(500g) from a soybean field with a slight
in which d, m, and h are the density
(g cm-3), the mass (g), and the thickness (cm) of
the sample, respectively.
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Ngo Thi Thuong, Tran Thi Thuy Dung, Chu Thi Thanh, Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh, Le Thi Thu Huong
moisture content was collected and stored in a
fibers. In sugarcane bagasse and lemongrass
by-products, in addition to the main component
of cellulose, there are also other components of
hemicellulose and lignin. Therefore, it was
necessary to use alkali to separate the
hemicellulose and lignin from the biomass.
Sodium hydroxide solution can separate lignin,
hemicellulose, and other solutes (sugar, ash,
wax, and protein, among others) from biomass.
NaOH is capable of breaking down cell walls
because the alkali dissolves the lignin and
hemicellulose and also breaks down the α-ether
links between the lignin and hemicellulose. The
remaining lignin in the pulp makes it become
dark yellow or brown (affecting the sensory
value of the paper) and hard (Kido, 2016).
Therefore, the ratio of NaOH/biomass is an
important factor affecting the hydrolysis of the
biomass. For a certain amount of biomass, if too
little NaOH is used, it will not be enough to
thoroughly remove the lignin. Conversely, if the
amount of NaOH used is too high, when the
hydrolysis process has ended, the remaining
NaOH will lead to waste of chemicals and water
to neutralize the biomass. Therefore, the
NaOH/biomass ratio was first investigated. The
results are shown in Table 1.
container. Three pieces of the paper sample
were buried inside the soil at a depth of 5cm
and 3 others were buried at a depth of 10cm for
15 days at room conditions. The weights of the
pieces were measured before and after the
testing. The biodegradability of each sample
was calculated by Formula (4):
Weight Loss (%) = [(wo − w)/wo] × 100, (4)
where wo and w are the average masses of
the pieces before and after the test, respectively.
The microstructures of the samples before
and after the biodegradability test were
recorded by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
on an FEI Nova NanoSEM system.
2.4. Data analysis
Data were processed in Excel 2010,
Mathlab 2016, and Origin 8.0 software. One-
way Anova analysis was performed to compare
samples with significant differences at p <0.05.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Delignification
The main component of paper is cellulose
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
(a)
(b)
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
(c)
Figure 2. Water absorption of the TN3 series at (a) 15s, (b) 30s, and (c) 1 min
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Paper sheets made from sugarcane bagasse and lemongrass by-products: Synthesis and properties
Table 1. Effects of the NaOH/biomass ratio on delignification
NaOH/
biomass
ratio (%)
Delignified
biomass
weight (g)
Paper sheet
weight (g)
Papermaking
yield (%)
Thickness
(mm)
Sample
TN1.1
Obtained fibers
Obtained paper sheet
4
42.75a ±
0.26
34.06a ± 0.36
80.9 ± 1.0
92.7 ± 0.8
91.2 ± 1.1
89.1 ± 1.1
1.61a ± 0.38 Difficult to grind,
hard fibers with
the size range of
2-2.5 cm
TN1.2
TN1.3
TN1.4
10
14
20
32.90b ±
0.15
30.38b ± 0.23
1.41a ± 0.24 Less difficult to
grind, hard fibers
with the size
range of 1.5-2 cm
28.80c ± 0.18 26.14c ± 0.27
1.11b ± 0.08 Easy to grind,
soft and short
fibers
28.49c ± 0.07 25.26c ± 0.32
1.05b ± 0.16 Easy to grind,
soft and short
fibers
Note: Values with the same letter within each column are not significantly different at the 5% level.
The results of Table 1 show that, when the
ratio of NaOH/biomass increased from 4 to 20%,
the remaining biomass weight after hydrolysis
decreased. When this weight increased to 20%,
the remaining amount of biomass decreased
insignificantly compared to that at the ratio of
14%. This reveals that the 14% ratio is enough
to hydrolyze the biomass.
However, in the samples TN1.2 and TN1.1, the
cellulose fiber bundles were difficult to split,
and the raw fibers were clearly visible on the
finished paper. Meanwhile, samples TN1.3 and
TN1.4 had much better fineness. Thus,
combining
the
above
parameters,
the
NaOH/biomass ratio of 14% (TN1.3) was
selected to carry out the next studies.
In addition, the paper-making yield was
only different when the NaOH/biomass ratio
used was 4%. The reason for this is that the
low paper yield was due to the fact that the
cellulosic fibers had not been separated due to
an incomplete lignin reaction, thus their
ability to bond when paper-making was low. In
the remaining three cases, the paper making
yields were not significantly different, and
about 90% of the weight of the delignified
biomass could be converted into a paper sheet.
The effects of hydrolysis time on the
lignification (Table 2) show that when the
hydrolysis time increased, the weight of the
delignified biomass weight decreased, in which
there was no observed significant difference
between TN2.3 and TN2.4. The paper sheet
yield did not vary much among the samples,
however, the resulting paper had a good
smoothness in the TN2.3 and TN2.4 formulas.
Thus, we chose these two samples to perform
hydrolysis for 2h in subsequent tests. In a
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Ngo Thi Thuong, Tran Thi Thuy Dung, Chu Thi Thanh, Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh, Le Thi Thu Huong
published study involving the sugarcane
15s in contact with water, the paper bands
absorbed water more than 50% of their weight.
After 30 s, they absorbed 100% of the water. At
the contact time of 15s, TN3.2 (2ml glycerol
added) was the least water absorbent sample.
However, after 60s, the water absorbed
amounts in TN3.2, TN3.3, and TN3.4 became
close to that of each other. These differences
were not statistically significant. TN3.1 and
TN3.5 showed the highest water absorption.
This can be explained by the fact that without
glycerol (TN3.1), water was more easily able to
go into the cellulose fibers in the biomass, while
with too much glycerol (TN3.5), water could be
absorbed into the paper sheets through the
glycerol dissolution process. These results
suggested that 4 ml of glycerol was enough to
absorb and connect the fibers in the biomass.
However, based on the three properties of
tensile strength, flexural modulus (Table 3),
and absorption, the TN3.4 condition (6ml
glycerol) was chosen to proceed with other
experiments.
bagasse/starch/PVA composite, the NaOH
treatment changed the surface of the fibers
which in turn changed the wettability of the
samples (Zhu et al., 2019).
3.2. Papermaking process
3.2.1. Effects of the glycerol amount on the
paper properties
Adding glycerol (2, 4, 6, or 8ml) to the pulp
made it easier to form paper sheets with a much
smaller thickness compared to the sample
without glycerol (Table 3). Table 3 also shows
that the added amount of glycerol had effects on
the tensile strength and flexural modulus.
However, 2ml of glycerol (TN3.2) was not
enough to significantly change the tensile
strength and flexural modulus for the obtained
paper compared to the sample without glycerol.
When the added glycerol amount increased to 4
ml and higher, the tensile strength and flexural
modulus
of
these
samples
increased
significantly compared to the TN3.1 and TN3.2
samples. Among samples TN3.3, TN3.4, and
TN3.5, there were some significant changes in
the tensile strength and flexural modulus.
Increasing the glycerol amount appeared to
raise the tensile strength and flexural modulus
of the samples. It has been reported that
glycerol could lubricate the cellulose fibers to
make the links between cellulose fibers tighter,
resulting in pulp that was then easier to make
into paper with a smaller thickness, and greater
density, flexural strength, and tensile strength
(Cruz et al., 2017). Although, glycerol is water-
soluble, in order to select the appropriate
glycerol ratio, it was necessary to further
consider the water absorption properties of the
paper. Water absorption is greatly affected by
the structural integrity of the paper. The cause
of this phenomenon is that the natural
capillaries found in bagasse make the paper
quickly reach hydration equilibrium. The
results of the water absorption test of this
sample series are presented in Figure 2 and
Figure 3. When not using glycerol, after only
3.2.2. Effects of the sugarcane bagasse/
lemongrass ratio on the paper properties
Table 4 shows the effect of the lemongrass
composition on the paper properties. It was
obvious that when adding lemongrass, the
paper sheets became thinner with a higher
density, higher tensile strength, and higher
flexural modulus. The differences between the
strength of the cellulose fibers (due to the
length of the cellulose chains) of the sugarcane
bagasse and lemongrass could be the reason for
the significant changes in these parameters
between TN4.2, TN4.3, or TN4.4 and TN4.1.
Figure 4 also demonstrates that the higher the
ratio of lemongrass, the less water was
absorbed into the paper sheets. These results
also suggested that the combination could be an
effective approach to controlling the paper
properties. In our previous study, the composite
samples with lower contents of lemongrass also
showed lower tensile strength and flexural
modulus (Ngo et al., 2018). For further
experiments, the sugarcane bagasse/lemongrass
969
Paper sheets made from sugarcane bagasse and lemongrass by-products: Synthesis and properties
ratios of 80/20 and 70/30 were chosen. Another
study showed a similar dependence of the
composite mechanical properties on their
composition (Agustina et al., 2019). Different
ratio mixtures of sugarcane bagasse and
pineapple leaves were also investigated to
prepare paper pulp resulting in papers with
varied tensile and tearing strengths (Evelyn et
al., 2019).
experiment series did not show much variation.
The results in Table 5 reveal that adding starch
at the ratios of 4% and 6% for both ratios of
biomass (80/20 and 70/30) made the tensile
strength and flexural modulus of the samples
significantly (P < 0.5) greater than that at the
ratio of 2%. This showed that when starch was
used, the links between the cellulose fibers
increased leading to stronger and more flexural
paper. The tensile strength and flexural modulus
of the samples at the ratios of 4% and 6% starch
were not significantly different at the 5%
significance level. There ws a similar trend in the
water absorption of the samples (Figure 5).
3.2.3. Effects of the added starch amount
on the paper properties
All the researched samples were neutral.
The thickness and density of the samples in this
Figure 3. Effect of the added glycerol amount on the water adsorption capacity
Figure 4. Effects of the sugarcane bagasse/lemongrass
on the water absorption of the paper sheets
970
Ngo Thi Thuong, Tran Thi Thuy Dung, Chu Thi Thanh, Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh, Le Thi Thu Huong
Figure 5. Effects of the starch amount on the water absorption of the paper sheets
Table 2. Effects of reaction time on the delignification of the biomass
Delignified biomass Paper sheet Papermaking Thickness
Sample Time (h)
Obtained fibers
Obtained paper sheet
weight (g)
weight (g)
yield (%)
(cm)
TN2.1
TN2.2
0.5
29.43 ± 0.32
28.96 ± 0.12
92.1 ± 1.1
1.13a ± 0.20 Difficult to grind,
hard fibers with
the size range of
2-2.5cm
1
27.18 ± 0.21
24.52 ± 0.17
27.00 ± 0.25
24.33 ± 0.13
99.3 ± 1.2
0.94a ± 0.26 Less difficult to
grind, hard fibers
with the size range
of 1.5-2cm
TN2.3
TN2.4
2
3
99.2 ± 0.9
0.77b ± 0.11 Easy to grind, soft
and short fibers
24.03 ± 0.18
23.71 ± 0.10
98.7 ± 0.8
0.73b ± 0.10 Easy to grind, soft
and short fibers
Note: Values with the same letter within each coulmn are not significantly different at the 5% level.
Therefore, 4% starch was an appropriate
amount for the papermaking process. The data
showed that if the links between cellulose fibers
were too tight, then the tensile and flexural
strength would increase very little when more
starch was used. The ratio of 4% was the ratio
of the flexural strength and the tensile strength
of the hearing.
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Paper sheets made from sugarcane bagasse and lemongrass by-products: Synthesis and properties
49.8% weight losses indicated the biodegradation
3.3. Biodegradability properties
of the samples. The SEM images (Figure 6) of the
samples also showed a decrease in the thickness
of the samples. There was a difference in the
biodegradability rate between the 2 depths. This
result differs from those published by
Mirachelvam et al. (2019). This could be due to
the differences in the composition of the samples
in the current study and referent research.
The biodegradability test results are shown
in Figure 6. The optimized sample pieces of
TN5.5 were buried in soil at different depths of
5 cm and 10 cm. The initial average weight of
the TN5.5 pieces was 0.0562 ± 0.0017. After 15
days, the weights of the TN5.5 pieces at 5 cm
and 10 cm-depths were 0.0367 ± 0.0015 and
0.0282 ± 0.0018g, respectively. These 34.7% and
Table 3. Effects of added glycerol amount on the paper properties
Glycerol amount
(ml)
Tensile strength
(N mm-2)
Flexural
modulus (N)
Formula
pH
Thickness (mm)
density (g cm-3)
TN3.1
TN3.2
TN3.3
TN3.4
TN3.5
0
2
4
6
8
6.4
6.3
6.5
6.5
6.4
0.75a ± 0.05
0.48b ± 0.05
0.47b ± 0.04
0.46b ± 0.04
0.46b ± 0.08
0.28 ± 0.03
0.35 ± 0.06
0.32 ± 0.06
0.34 ± 0.04
0.34 ± 0.09
6.30a ± 0.10
8.23b ± 0.05
14.33c ± 0.11
17.70d ± 0.70
24.00e ± 0.81
0.61a ± 0.10
0.70a ± 0.10
0.93b ± 0.05
1.10bc ± 0.10
1.23c ± 0.05
Note: Values with the same letter within each column are not significantly different at the 5% level.
Table 4. Effects of the sugarcane bagasse and lemongrass byproduct ratio
on the paper properties
Sugarcane
bagasse/lemongrass
by-product ratio
Thickness
(mm)
density
(g cm-3)
Tensile strength
(N mm-2)
Flexural modulus
(N)
Formula
pH
TN4.1
TN4.2
TN4.3
TN4.4
100/0
90/10
80/20
70/30
6.3
6.3
6.2
6.3
0.46 ± 0.09a
0.29 ± 0.03b
0.30 ± 0.03b
0.33 ± 0.03b
0.31 ± 0.09
0.48 ± 0.07
0.42 ± 0.05
0.43 ± 0.07
16.27a ± 2.04
18.07ab ± 1.72
20.43bc ± 0.81
21.46c ± 0.33
1.13a ± 0.06
1.31b ± 0.10
1.33b ± 0.06
1.43b ± 0.05
Note: Values with the same letter within each column are not significantly different at the 5% level.
Table 5. Effects of the added starch amount on the paper properties
Sugarcane
bagasse/lemongrass
by-product ratio
Starch
amount
(%)
Tensile
strength
(N mm-2)
Thickness
(mm)
density
(g cm-3)
Flexural modulus
(N)
Formula
pH
TN5.1
TN5.2
TN5.3
TN5.4
TN5.5
TN5.6
80/20
80/20
80/20
70/30
70/30
70/30
2
4
6
2
4
6
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.3
0.32a ± 0.01 0.43 ± 0.05
0.30a ± 0.01 0.50 ± 0.04
0.30a ± 0.02 0.44 ± 0.07
0.31 a± 0.01 0.48 ± 0.03
0.32a ± 0.01 0.44 ± 0.04
0.33a ± 0.02 0.39 ± 0.02
11.87a ± 0.31
18.33b ± 0.15
18.80b ± 0.41
16.30c ± 0.10
18.90b ± 0.36
19.60b ± 0.56
0.93a ± 0.15
1.17ab ± 0.15
1.31b ± 0.10
1.32b ± 0.11
1.63c ± 0.11
1.77c ± 0.06
Note: Values with the same letter within each column are not significantly different at the 5% level.
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Ngo Thi Thuong, Tran Thi Thuy Dung, Chu Thi Thanh, Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh, Le Thi Thu Huong
Figure 6. SEM images of the TN5.5 pieces before (a)
and after the biodegradability test at 5-cm (b) and 10-cm depth (c)
possible to prepare bio bags or bio containers
from the optimized paper sheets.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the optimized conditions of
the synthesis of paper sheets from sugarcane
bagasse and lemongrass by-products have been
investigated. To obtain paper sheets with high
tensile strength and flexural modulus, and with
low thickness and water absorption, the
biomass should be treated with 14% NaOH (w/w
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was financially supported by
Vietnam National University of Agriculture
under the Grant No.T2019-04-19.
to
biomass)
for
2h.
The
sugarcane
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bagasse/lemongrass ratio could be 80/20 or
70/30, and should then be mixed with 6ml
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The obtained paper sheets had good physical
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density of 0.4 g cm-3, tensile strength of 19 N
mm-2, and flexural modulus of 1.7 N. The
paper sheets also exhibited low water
absorption and the ability to biodegrade up to
49.8% in the soil layer at a 10 cm depth after 15
days. Based on the obtained results, it would be
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