Integrated agriculture-aquaculture farming systems in Vietnam: The status quo and future perspectives
ISSN 2588-1299
VJAS 2021; 4(1): 989-996
Vietnam Journal
of Agricultural
Sciences
Integrated Agriculture-aquaculture Farming
Systems in Vietnam: The Status Quo and
Future Perspectives
Dang Thi Lua 1, 2
1 Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1, Bac Ninh 222100, Vietnam
2Faculty of Aquaculture, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000,
Vietnam
Abstract
The integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) farming system has
been considered a form of diversified agriculture applied in Asia. In
this paper, several IAA farming systems practiced in Vietnam are
described, and their impacts are also reviewed. It is speculated that in
developing countries like Vietnam, the IAA farming system should
be targeted for support as a sustainable food safety model and a form
of ecosystem-based technology to reduce environmental impacts,
adapt to climate change, help avoid risks from market fluctuation, and
increase incomes in comparison with monoculture farming.
Keywords
Agriculture, aquaculture, IAA, farming, Vietnam
Introduction
The integrated agriculture-aquaculture (IAA) farming system
has been considered a form of diversified agriculture mainly
practiced in most Asian countries, including China, India, Indonesia,
Thailand, Vietnam, and Bangladesh (Little & Muir, 1987; Edwards
et al., 1988; Pingali, 2012). Prein (2002) defined this system as
“concurrent or sequential linkages between two or more human
activity systems, one or more of which is aquaculture, directly on-
site, or indirectly through off-site needs and opportunities or both”.
In general, IAA systems consist of three major sub-systems:
aquaculture, agriculture, and household activities (Zajdband, 2011).
In terms of advantages, IAA systems can reduce the need for external
inputs, thus increasing total farm productivity and profitability
through increases in resource-use efficiency. As examples, animal
manure can be used as pond fertilizer and crop by-products can be
used as supplementary feed for aquatic animals, while aquaculture
wastewater and sediments can be used for crop irrigation and organic
fertilizers, respectively (Zajdband, 2011). However, in terms of
disadvantages, IAA systems can enhance disease transmission and
Received: December 8, 2020
Accepted: May 18, 2021
Correspondence to
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
989
Integrateed agriculture-aquaculture farming systems in Vietnam: The status quo and future perspectives
increase potential public health risks through an
increase in the movement of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria between terrestrial and aquatic animals
(De Silva et al., 2009).
good growth and generate high productivity. In
terms of aquaculture, one or a few ponds are
created either in the center or close to one edge
of the garden for multiple uses, such as for
aquaculture, serving as a water reservoir, and as
a water source for the cultivation of crops. In
terms of livestock husbandry, livestock such as
buffalos, cows, pigs, chickens, ducks, and rabbits
are often reared. Pens or cages are built in places
suitable for energy and nutrient recycling within
the VAC system. The interactional relationship
in the VAC system (Figure 1) is briefly
described as follows: some products from the
garden (V) are used to feed the fish (A). The
fishpond (A) is considered as a nutrient trap to
provide water, mud, and sediments to irrigate and
fertilize the garden (V). Some of the fish can be
used as nutritious animal feed (C). Animal
manure (C) is used as a nutrient source for plants
(V) and as fish feed (A).
In Vietnam, the diversified farming systems
that flourished after the Doi Moi (Renovation)
movement were the combination of rice and
other commercial products such as fish,
terrestrial animals, and fruits (Tanaka, 1995). In
the beginning, integrated farming was a
traditional approach to family food production in
the poor, rural regions of Vietnam. Because of
the adoption of the VAC system (VAC in
Vietnamese stands for Vuon, Ao, Chuong, which
translates to garden, fishpond, and livestock
pen), the dietary balance of the rural poor was
significantly improved by the addition of dietary
protein, particularly in the isolated villages
located in the high mountainous areas.
Subsequently, for economic purposes, the VAC
system gradually developed to be market-
oriented for improving the farmers’ income, as
well as being modified to be suitable for existing
infrastructure and natural conditions. Misui and
Horiuchi (2006) identified at least 14 types of
farming enterprise combinations in the VAC
system, such as VAC, VA, VC, AC, VC + rice,
AC + rice, and A + rice. In this paper, several
IAA systems that are common in Vietnam, such
as VAC, fish-livestock, rice-fish/shrimp/prawn,
and mangrove-shrimp farming systems, are
reviewed to have a better understanding of the
diversity of IAA systems in Vietnam.
The VAC system, therefore, effectively uses
all the available land, air, water, and solar energy
resources, and effectively recycles by-products
and waste. The VAC layouts and the types of
plants and animals included can be highly diverse
between households and communities. VAC
practices lead to increased income and improved
standards of living. A survey focusing on the
economic potential of VAC systems has shown
that for some communes in the Red River Delta
where VAC farming is practiced, VAC income
constitutes 50 to 70% of the farmers’ income, and
their annual income through VAC farming is
three to ten times higher than that derived from
growing two rice crops per year in the same area
(VACVINA, 2012; Do Van Hoa et al., 2020).
Integrated
Agriculture-Aquaculture
Farming Systems in Vietnam
Since 1985, the Vietnamese government has
been encouraging the development of family-
sized economic units. In 1986, the association of
Vietnamese gardeners (VACVINA) was
founded, and currently, it has branches in each of
Vietnam’s 58 provinces. The main objectives of
this non-governmental organization are to
promote VAC development, provide education,
support, and transfer technology to enable
farmers to practice VAC, and to exchange
information with international organizations.
Integrated VAC farming
VAC stands for integrated production
systems comprised of three components: (1)
horticulture (gardening), (2) aquaculture, and (3)
livestock
husbandry.
In
terms
of
horticulture/gardening, various plants (timber,
bamboos, rattans, creepers, fruit trees,
vegetables, legumes, and medicinal plants) are
cultivated in multilayers in such a way that all the
plants can absorb enough solar energy to express
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
990
Figure 1. Internal nutrient flows between components in the integrated VAC (Vuon - Ao – Chuong) system in Vietnam
Integrated fish-livestock farming
Integrated rice-fish farming
Rice-fish farming is closely integrated with
freshwater fish farming in Vietnam. The
intentional stocking and culture of fish in rice
fields has a long history with numerous designs
and experiences in experimentation and
implementation. Usually, a small portion (about
5 to 20%) of the area of the rice field is converted
into a trench, a refuge pond, or a combination of
both. Trench layouts vary considerably in their
location in the rice fields. Recently, a different
approach has been applied for deep water rice-
fish culture in seasonally flooded areas. In the
flooding season, the areas are stocked with fish,
while in the dry season, the areas revert again to
rice cultivation. Fish cultured in this system are
mainly traditional fish and tilapia.
Integrated fish-livestock farming is a
modified VAC system practiced mainly in rural
areas in Vietnam. Livestock animals in this
system are mainly ducks, chickens, and pigs,
while the fish are mainly traditional fish
(common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus,
1758), Chinese carps, Indian major carps), and
tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758).
In integrated fish-livestock farming, fishponds
provide water and food for livestock, while
wastes from animal husbandry, such as manure,
urine, and surplus feed, are used for fish culture.
Livestock manures play a role as pond inputs for
the development of natural fish feed such as
phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic organisms,
and detritus (Kwei Lin et al., 1997; Knud-
Hansen, 1998). Livestock manures are further
grouped according to whether they originate
from poultry (mainly chickens and ducks),
ruminants (cows, buffalo, sheep, and goats), or
pigs. Poultry and pig manures are usually of high
quality, while ruminant manures have a low
carbon to nitrogen ratio and are of less use as a
pond input unless balanced with alternative
nitrogen sources.
The integrated fish-in-paddy field system
functions through the feeding of fish on
organisms (particularly insects and other
possible rice pests) and weeds, and the stirring of
the sediment through their foraging actions,
which leads to nutrient resuspension (Lightfoot
et al., 1993; Cagauan, 1995). The benefits of
rice-fish culture as a low-investment and entry-
level technology system for resource-poor
991
Integrateed agriculture-aquaculture farming systems in Vietnam: The status quo and future perspectives
farmers have been demonstrated in Vietnam
(Rothuis, 1998).
have mangrove forests, such as Ca Mau
Province. Shrimp cultured in this system are
mainly P. monodon.
Phong et al. (2011a) evaluated the
environmental impacts of IAA farming in the
Mekong Delta region of Vietnam among three
different systems: a rice-based and high input
fish system (R-HF), a rice-based and medium
input fish system (R-MF), and an orchard-based
and low input fish system (O-LF). The study
showed that the global warming potential, energy
use, and eutrophication potential per kcal of farm
product tended to be higher, and acidification
potential was higher, in O-LF than in R-HF and
R-MF. The impact per kg of pig and poultry
protein was on average 1.6-1.8 times higher than
the impacts per kg of fish protein. In addition,
excessive and inefficient uses of fertilizers, and
CH4 emissions from the paddy fields contributed
the most to the environmental impact in rice
production (Phong et al., 2011a).
Recently, the Mangroves & Markets (MAM)
Project, sponsored by BMUB (German Ministry
of Environment, Natural Resources, Building,
and Nuclear Safety), was implemented in
Vietnam. The main objectives of the MAM
project are to restore the mangrove forests and to
promote the culture of organic shrimp (Naturland
certification). Under the MAM project,
integrated mangrove-shrimp farming requires a
mangrove forest covering of at least 50% on
shrimp farms. About 15,000ha of shrimp-
mangrove farming belonging to 3,000
households were established in Ca Mau Province
in 2015. Since the conclusion of the MAM final
workshop, which was held in Ho Chi Minh City
in 2016, the SNV Netherlands Development
Organization has been working with BMUB and
partners on the next phase of the project, which
will scale up this integrated mangrove-shrimp
model across the Mekong Delta, including
provinces such as Ben Tre and Tra Vinh (IUCN,
2018). This integrated mangrove-shrimp farming
system produces organic shrimp that are resistant
to diseases because of the regular tidal flows, is
economically attractive, and has the potential to
play a key role in coastal climate change
adaptation.
Integrated rice-shrimp/prawn farming
Integrated rice-shrimp/prawn farming has
recently become more popular in Vietnam,
especially in the Mekong Delta. This kind of
integrated system has been considered as a
potential model to deal with the impacts of
climate change. According to the Directorate of
Fisheries, the potential area suitable for rice-
shrimp/prawn culture in the Mekong Delta is
about 250,000ha. It was estimated that about
160,000ha were dedicated to the rice-
shrimp/prawn system in 2015, in which the
production of shrimp/prawn was about 300 to
500 kg ha-1 (Hai Linh, 2020).
Integrated shrimp-tilapia farming
Integrated shrimp-tilapia farming has
recently been applied in Vietnam because it is
believed that this system can prevent or minimize
shrimp diseases in general and acute
hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in
particular (Tiasang, 2015). There are four kinds
of integrated shrimp-tilapia farming systems
practiced in Vietnam: (1) culture of tilapia
directly in shrimp ponds: tilapias are stocked at a
density of 1 fish m-2, while shrimp are stocked at
a density of 20 to 40 shrimp m-2; (2) culture of
tilapia in cages/nets which are located in shrimp
ponds: tilapia are stocked at a density of 10 fish
m-3; the area of cage/net is about 2% of the
shrimp pond area; (3) culture of tilapia in
ponds/tanks that will supply water for shrimp
There are two types of integrated rice-
shrimp/prawn farming systems. The first system
includes a crop of shrimp and a crop of rice,
while the second system includes a crop of
shrimp and a crop of integrated rice and prawn.
The shrimp cultured in this system are mainly
black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fabricius,
1798), while the cultured prawn is the giant
freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii
De Man, 1879).
Integrated mangrove-shrimp farming
In Vietnam, integrated mangrove-shrimp
farming is well suited to coastal provinces that
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
992
Dang Thi Lua (2021)
ponds: tilapia are stocked at a density of 4 to 5
fish m-2 and are not fed; and (4) shrimp crop is
rotational with tilapia crop.
for shrimp, require no feed, chemicals, or
antibiotics, and result in reduced diseases. Also,
integrated mangrove-shrimp farming produces
organic shrimp at better prices.
Phong et al. (2010) evaluated the ecological
sustainability of IAA systems among the R-HF,
R-MF, and O-LF farming systems in the Mekong
Delta region of Vietnam. The data analysis
showed that the variability in ecological
sustainability among farms was high, caused by
differences in land use, financial situations,
disease constraints, market demand, and family
conditions. The R-HF system scored higher on
productivity-efficiency while fertilizers were
usually applied in excess in the O-LF system
(Phong et al., 2010).
Impacts of IAA Farming systems in
Vietnam
Positive impacts
Haylor (2003) pointed out that the
characteristics of suitable IAA technologies are
that the systems should be of low risk to farmers,
require low investment, provide quick returns, be
simple and easily replicated, provide the
capability to establish local fish supply capacity,
and be easily taught to trainers and farmers. The
direct benefits from the IAA farming systems,
aside from increased household nutrition and
income, are local availability of fresh fish and the
provision of employment for household
members. Indirect benefits include the increased
availability of fish to local and urban markets that
may lead to a reduction in prices, and increased
employment through the development of an
industry providing work on fish farms and in
related services (Edwards, 2000).
Integrated shrimp-tilapia farming has been
suggested as an alternative approach for shrimp
farming, which could ultimately lead to a more
sustainable shrimp industry. This system could
improve water quality in shrimp ponds, reduce
disease, and reduce the use of chemicals and
antibiotics (Yi & Fitzsimmons, 2004).
Negative impacts
It is believed that the integrated VAC system
was originally used as a technology for poverty
alleviation in Vietnam. The integrated VAC
system was later encouraged for several
additional reasons. Firstly, it increases the
income of household-scale farms with little
capital input. Secondly, it reduces the economic
risks involved in the rice monoculture system,
which is vulnerable to price fluctuations in the
international rice market. Thirdly, it is
ecologically desirable since it utilizes various
ecological niches within the farm, thus leading to
sustainable land use in comparison with
monoculture systems, which often necessitate
extensive environmental transformation. Similar
advantages have been observed in other IAA
farming systems, such as fish-livestock farming,
rice-fish farming, and rice-shrimp/prawn
farming (de la Cruz et al., 1992).
Some potential risks can be found in the IAA
farming systems. Firstly, pesticides used for
cultivation activities may remain in crop
products and land, which could impact animals
and aquaculture species. Secondly, animal
wastes (manure, urine, surplus feed) containing
antimicrobial residues and resistant bacteria will
be discharged directly into fishponds. Also,
antimicrobial residues and resistant bacteria from
fishponds may be transferred to animals through
water. Thirdly, cross-contamination in IAA
farming may increase levels of bacterial
antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which may
impact human health via the food chain.
Soil nutrient balances can be used as an
indicator to determine nutrient use efficiency of
farming systems (Stoorvogel, 2007; Cobo et al.,
2010). Phong et al. (2011b) monitored soil
nutrient balances in three IAA systems in the
Mekong Delta: R-HF, R-MF, and O-LF. The
results showed that nitrogen, phosphorus, and
potassium surpluses were observed in all three
systems. In addition, the O-LF system had the
smallest nitrogen surplus while the R-HF system
Integrated mangrove-shrimp farming has
been considered as a form of ecosystem-based
adaptation in which the mangrove ecosystem
contributes to climate change mitigation.
Mangrove ecosystems provide a natural habitat
993
Integrateed agriculture-aquaculture farming systems in Vietnam: The status quo and future perspectives
had the smallest surpluses of phosphorus and
potassium. These data indicated that soil fertility
will be maintained in IAA farming systems
although there is a risk for environmental
contamination (Phong et al., 2011b).
many people prefer eating products with high
quality.
Regarding the trends in the development of
IAA systems, Phong et al. (2008) conducted two
surveys in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam
in which several factors, such as land-use
intensity, farm diversity, farm inputs, market
demand, household income, and natural
disasters, were analyzed. The data analysis
showed that market demand and natural disasters
(e.g. disease outbreaks) were the two main
drivers of the trend changes of IAA systems. The
IAA systems are demonstrating the trend of
moving away from specialization with extensive
farming and moving towards diversification and
intensification. Well-off farmers with good
farming skills and enough capital tended to
specialize and intensify their farming practices,
while the poorer farmers tended towards
diversification in order to safeguard their
livelihood and avoid risks (Phong et al., 2008).
Livestock, mainly chickens and pigs, are
often fed feed containing growth promoters.
Petersen et al. (2002) reported that these growth
promoters in animal husbandry have been linked
to certain AMR patterns among human bacterial
pathogens, suggesting that there is a possible
flow of AMR genes between animal and human
pathogens. The potential transfer of resistant
bacteria and resistant genes from aquaculture
environments to humans may occur through
direct consumption of antimicrobial-resistant
bacteria present in fish and associated products
(Petersen et al., 2002). Oxytetracycline-resistant
Acinetobacter spp. isolates have been found from
integrated fish farms in Thailand (Agerso &
Petersen, 2007). Similarly, the development of
antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has been found in
integrated fish-livestock farming in Vietnam
(Dang et al., 2011), indicating that potential risks
of AMR exist in IAA farming systems.
In summary, IAA systems need to migrate to
the diversification of resources and activities for
producing simultaneously high-quality products
at affordable costs. This justifies the relevancy of
IAA but at the same time, one might consider the
risk that IAA farmers would abandon their
complex systems and turn towards specialized
but less sustainable production systems because
of the lure of increased incomes from the higher
prices of high-quality products. Also, in the
context of environmental protection, IAA
systems in the future should consider the
integration of aquaculture and irrigated farming
systems to optimize economic benefits,
sustainably use existing energy, resources, and
infrastructure, and help protect the environment.
Challenges and Future Perspectives of
IAA Systems in Vietnam
IAA systems are a better strategy for on-
farm waste management for farmers in general
and especially for smallholder farmers in rural
and peri-urban areas, where resources are
limited. IAA systems have several advantages,
including the improvement of on-farm resource
use, increased farming income, environment
safeguards, and improved nutrition for families.
Thus, IAA systems have been successful in
Asian countries such as Vietnam and continue to
show the benefits of their application.
Conclusions
However, in the context of rapid agricultural
land acquisition due to urbanization and
industrialization, and the impacts of climate
change causing drought and salinization in many
areas in Vietnam, especially in isolated, remote
areas and the Mekong River delta, suitable areas
for application of IAA systems will be reduced in
the future. Moreover, food safety issues
nowadays have attracted more attention, and
IAA farming systems have contributed to
progress towards the sustainable development of
agriculture in Vietnam. It is speculated that in
developing countries like Vietnam, IAA farming
systems should be targeted to support a
sustainable food safety model as a form of
ecosystem-based
technology that
could
potentially reduce environmental impacts, adapt
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
994
Dang Thi Lua (2021)
International Center for Living Aquatic Resources
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comparison with monoculture farming.
Hai Linh (2020). Prospects of rice cum shrimp model.
Journal of Vietnam Fisheries. Retrieved from
tom-lua/ on May 6, 2021 (in Vietnamese).
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