Effect of waterlogging duration on germination, physiological characteristics, and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)
ISSN 2588-1299
VJAS 2021; 4(1): 936-945
Vietnam Journal
of Agricultural
Sciences
Effect of Waterlogging Duration on
Germination, Physiological Characteristics,
and Yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)
Vu Tien Binh1 & Sorgan S. K. Tai2
1Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000,
Vietnam;
2Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin County 632, Taiwan
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the germination, physiological
responses, yield-related traits, and seed yield of three mungbean
varieties, viz. DXVN7, DXVN5, and DX11, under waterlogging
coditions in the 2019 Summer. In experiment 1, the seeds of the three
mungbean varieties were immersed in distilled water in Petri dishes
for 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72h. Afterwards, water was removed and the
percentage of germinated seeds was calculated at 84h after sowing.
In experiment 2, plants were waterlogged at the seedling stage (25
days after germination) for 3, 6, and 9 days. Waterlogging depth was
maintained at 3cm above the soil surface. Physiological traits were
determined at the recovery period after termination of waterlogging
(45 days after germination). The results showed that waterlogging
significantly decreased germination percentages, plant height, root
dry weight, leaf relative water content (RWC), SPAD value, Fv/Fm
index, leaf photosynthesis, total dry weight, and seed yield of all
varieties. Germination percentages at 12 and 24h of waterlogging
were not significantly affected, whereas germination was
significantly reduced at up to 36h of waterlogging. Seventy-two
hours of waterlogging caused failure in germination. Nine days of
waterlogging at the seedling stage adversely affected the
physiological traits and seed yield of the mungbean varieties with
31% of yield reduction. Meanwhile, plants grew better at 3 days of
waterlogging. Among the three varieties, DXVN7 showed the best
adaptability under waterlogging conditions, attaining the highest seed
germination and yield.
Received: February 7, 2020
Accepted: February 4, 2021
Keywords
Germination, mungbean, physiological traits, seed yield,
waterlogging duration
Correspondence to
ORCID
Vu Tien Binh
016X
Introduction
Mungbean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek) is a popular and
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
936
Vu Tien Binh & Sorgan S. K. Tai (2021)
important pulse crop in Asia because of its rich
in digestible protein (approximately 25-28%) by
N2 fixation machinery and a wide range of
adaptability.
Materials and Methods
Materials and experimental design
Three mungbean varieties, namely DXVN7,
DXVN5, and DX11, were used in this study.
DX11 was developed by the Legumes Research
and Development Center (LRDC), DXVN5 was
developed by the Maize Research Institute
(MRI), and DXVN7 was developed by LRDC
and MRI, Vietnam. Two experiments were
conducted at the Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam
National University of Agriculture in the 2019
summer season.
Climate change is affecting agricultural
production in various ways, including leading to
changes in average temperatures, rainfall, and
climate extremes (i.e., storms, floods, and
droughts, etc.). Waterlogging is considered one
of the major factors affecting the growth and
yield of many crops. Mungbean cannot withstand
soil waterlogging, particularly during the early
stages of growth (Singh & Singh, 2011).
Waterlogging reduces oxygen concentrations
around the roots of the plants, so the plants show
wilting of their leaves even when enclosed by
the excess of water, which affects water and
nutrient uptake (Sairam et al., 2008) and inhibits
nodule activity and nitrogen fixation (Kumar et
al., 2013). Additionally, waterlogging has an
adverse effect on the growth and development of
the plant, biomass production, pod setting, and
seed yield by affecting some physiological
processes. The main physiological effect of
waterlogging is the inhibition of photosynthesis
(Ahmed et al., 2006) that is directly related to the
stomatal limitation, carbon assimilation, and
disturbance in plant respiratory metabolism (Dat
et al., 2004).
Experiment 1: Effect of waterlogging
duration on germination of three mungbean
varieties
Mungbean seeds were rinsed with distilled
water three times. After that, the seeds were sown
in Petri dishes (10 seeds per dish) and immersed
in distilled water for 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72h
(waterlogging duration) followed by a standard
germination test along with the control (non-
waterlogging) in the dark at 25oC. After that,
water was removed and the seeds were
germinated in the same condition as the control
(in the dark at 25oC and 60% relative humidity).
The number of germinated seeds (>2mm radicle)
was counted at 84h after sowing. A two factorial
experiment was designed in a Completely
Randomized Design (CRD) using six
waterlogging treatments (factor A) and three
mungbean varieties (factor B) with three
replications, one Petri dish per replication. Ten
seeds were collected from each replicate for the
measurement of germination percentage and
fresh radicle weight.
Waterlogging in mungbean is not unusual,
but despite this fact, there is little information on
the responses of germination, physiological
characteristics, and yield of mungbean varieties
to soil waterlogging. Under the field conditions,
waterlogging duration varies with the intensity
and duration of rain, and soil types as well (Amin
et al., 2017). Furthermore, successful selection
and breeding for varieties with waterlogging
tolerance can only be attained when the
mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance in
mungbean are fully understood. Therefore, the
aim of this study was to determine the effect of
Experiment 2: Effect of waterlogging
duration on physiological characteristics and
yield of three mungbean varieties
Seeds of each variety were sown separately
in pots (18 × 16cm) each containing 2kg of dry
soil per pot. The potting base contained 0.2 g N
+ 0.5 g P2O5 + 0.3 g K2O. There were two plants
in each pot. Twenty-five days after germination,
waterlogging was imitated by applying water and
kept at 3cm of water level above the soil surface
for 3 days, 6 days, and 9 days. After that, the
standing water was removed. The waterlogging
treatments included the control (non-
waterlogging
duration
on
germination,
physiological characteristics, and yield of some
selected mungbean varieties, thereby selecting
mungbean varieties with better waterlogging
tolerance.
937
Effects of waterlogging duration on germination, physiological characteristics, and yield of mungbean
waterlogging) and 3, 6, and 9-day waterlogging
treatments. A two factorial experiment was
arranged in a Completely Randomized Design
(CRD) with four replications, with two pots per
replication. Waterlogging treatments were
designated factor A, while the three mungbean
varieties were designated factor B. A total of 96
pots were used in this experiment. The average
of two samples per pot was collected from each
replicate for the estimation of growth,
physiology, and yield parameters.
Statistical analysis
Mean data for each trait was used for the
analysis of variance (ANOVA) with two factors
(waterlogging treatments and varieties) and their
interactions using IRRISTART version 5.0. The
mean values were compared using the Least
Significant Difference (LSD) test.
Results and Discussion
Effect of waterlogging duration on
germination of mungbean
Measurement items and analytical methods
Germination percentage and fresh radicle
weight of the three mungbean varieties at 84h
after sowing are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.
Waterlogging duration decreased the percentage
of germination compared with the control in all
mungbean varieties. Twelve and twenty-four
hours of waterlogging showed a significantly
higher germination percentage than the others.
But longer than 24h of waterlogging significantly
reduced seed germination compared with the
control, below 77% of germination percentage.
Notably, waterlogging for 72h caused serious
damages to the germination of seeds in all
varieties, with the germination percentage of
only 10% and 3.3%. Waterlogging treatments
also led to the decline of fresh radicle weight. At
24h and more of waterlogging duration, there
was significant reductions compared with the
control and 12h of waterlogging. The highest
reduction of fresh radicle weight was at 48h and
72h of waterlogging in the three mungbean
varieties. In all varieties, the germination
percentage and fresh radicle weight of DXVN7
were higher than those of DXVN5 and DX11.
Germination percentage of DX11 variety at 72h
of waterlogging was the lowest.
In experiment 1: Germination percentage
(GP) and fresh radicle weight of mungbean
varieties were calculated at 84h after sowing.
GP
(%)
=
(Number
of
seeds
germinated/Total number of seeds) x 100
In experiment 2: Growth and physiological
traits of mungbean varieties were sampled at the
recovery
period
after
termination
of
waterlogging (45 days after germination). The
height of the plant, root dry matter, and SPAD
values were measured using a chlorophyll meter
(Konica Minolta Chlorophyll meter SPAD 502,
Japan). Fv/Fm values were measured using Opti-
Sciences Chlorophyll Fluorometer (Hudson,
USA-model OS-30p). Leaf relative water content
(RWC) was determined by recording the turgid
weight of 0.5g fresh leaf samples by keeping it in
water for 4h, followed by drying samples at 80°C
for 48h or until constant weight achieved
(Weatherley, 1950).
RWC (%) = (Fresh weight
-
dry
weight)/(Turgid weight - dry weight) x 100
Leaf photosynthesis rate (µmol CO2/m2
leaf/s) was recorded using LICOR-6400 (USA)
at the youngest fully expanded leaf from 11:00 to
13:00h, at 30oC, CO2 concentration of 370 ppm,
light density of 1500 µmol/m2/s, and humidity of
60%. Total dry weight accumulation was
determined after drying the samples at 80°C for
48h or until constant weight.
Soaking is a method to increase the
percentage of germination in many crops
(Chippendale, 2008). However, over-soaking
(more than 48h) causes a drastic reduction in
germination (Figure 1). The germination
decreased significantly as the waterlogging
duration increased. Maybe, some useful
biochemical and hormones in seeds filtered out,
thereby decreasing the vigor of seeds. Our results
also agreed with the research of Ullah (2006) in
Data on pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-
seed weight, and seed yield were recorded at the
harvest stage. Seed yield was adjusted at 12%
moisture content.
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
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Vu Tien Binh & Sorgan S. K. Tai (2021)
Table 1. Effect of waterlogging duration on germination and fresh radicle weight of mungbean
Varieties
Waterlogging (H)
Germination percentage (%)
Fresh radicle weight (gram)
0.196a
0
100.0a
90.0ab
86.7ab
50.0c
36.7c
3.3d
12
24
36
48
72
0
0.174b
0.061d
DX11
0.025fg
0.018g
0.009g
100.0a
93.3a
86.7ab
70.0b
40.0c
10.0d
100.0a
96.7a
90.0ab
76.7b
43.3c
10.0d
1.8
0.197a
12
24
36
48
72
0
0.185ab
0.087c
DXVN5
0.039ef
0.023f
0.015g
0.206a
12
24
36
48
72
0.189ab
0.102c
DXVN7
0.051de
0.036ef
0.015g
CV%
2.5
LSD0.05 (V)
LSD0.05 (W)
LSD0.05 (VxW)
12.5
0.014
17.3
0.027
19.1
0.021
Note: Values followed by the same letter in each treatment column are not significantly different at the 5% level. (V): Variety; (W):
Waterlogging treatment. The data were recorded at 84h after sowing.
which waterlogging over 24h was found to
significantly decrease the germination of
mungbean (Vigna radiate) vc. Kanti and
waterlogging up to 72h caused failure in
germination.
days of waterlogging were slightly reduced but
not significantly in comparison with non-
waterlogging treatment. DXVN7 variety had the
better growth of plant height and root dry weight.
The lowest plant height was recorded in DXVN5,
and the lowest root dry weight was found in
DX11 under waterlogging conditions (Figure 2).
Effect of waterlogging duration on plant
height and root dry weight of mungbean
Effect of waterlogging duration on leaf
relative water content (RWC), SPAD value,
and Fv/Fm index of mungbean
The results as can be seen in Table 2 show
that the waterlogged treatments affected the
development of all varieties. The longer the
waterlogging duration at the seedling stage, the
slower the growth of the height of plant and root
dry weight. These two parameters showed the
highest reduction at 9 days of waterlogging in the
three varieties of mungbean, followed by 6 days
with significant differences compared with the
control. Plant height and root dry weight at 3
Leaf relative water content (RWC), SPAD,
and Fv/Fm index of all mungbean varieties under
waterlogging conditions are demonstrated in
Table 3. All parameters of RWC, SPAD, and
Fv/Fm decreased with an increased waterlogging
duration. The values of RWC at waterlogging
treatments of the three mungbean varieties were
939
Cassava farmers’ perception on climate changes: A case study in Van Yen district, Yen Bai province
Notes: (0): Control treatment; (1), (2), (3), (4), and (5): 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72h of waterlogging, respectively.
Figure 1. Comparison of germination percentages between the control and waterlogging treatments of three mungbean varieties at
84h after sowing
below 85%. The highest reduction in RWC was
observed at 9 days of waterlogging, followed by
6 days. Waterlogging also caused a significant
decrease in SPAD values and Fv/Fm indexes of
mungbean varieties with an increase in the
waterlogging duration. The lowest values of both
parameters were obtained at 9 days of
waterlogging. SPAD values and Fv/Fm indexes of
the three mungbean varieties at 3 days of
waterlogging were lower than the control but did
not differ significantly. Among the three
mungbean varieties, the highest values of RWC,
SPAD, and Fv/Fm index were observed in
DXVN7 mungbean variety, followed by DXVN5
mungbean variety. The lowest was found in
DX11 mungbean variety.
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
940
Vu Tien Binh & Sorgan S. K. Tai (2020)
control. At 3 days of waterlogging, the
photosynthesis and total dry weight also
decreased but did not differ significantly
compared with the control. The lowest in both
parameters were observed at 9 days of
waterlogging, followed by 6 days. Among the
three varieties, photosynthesis and total dry
weight of DXVN7 were higher than the other
varieties. The lowest figures were observed in
DX11 variety (Table 4).
Effect of waterlogging duration on
photosynthesis and total dry weight of
mungbean
Waterlogging
also
inhibited
the
photosynthesis and total dry weight of all
mungbean varieties. Both parameters declined
when the duration of waterlogging increased.
The values at 6 and 9 days of waterlogging
significantly decreased compared with the
Table 2. Effect of waterlogging duration on plant height and root dry weight of mungbean at the recovery period
Root dry weight
(gram)
Adventitious root
Varieties
Waterlogging (days)
Plant height (cm)
formation
0
3
6
9
0
3
6
9
0
3
6
9
41.8ab
39.6bc
35.2e
33.2ef
40.5b
38.2cd
33.6e
30.5f
43.9a
42.1ab
38.4cd
35.7de
3.9
0.26cd
0.24ef
0.23f
-
+
DX11
+
0.21g
0.27bc
0.26cd
0.24ef
0.23f
++
-
+
DXVN5
DXVN7
++
++
-
0.29a
0.28ab
0.26cd
0.25de
1.4
+
++
+++
CV%
LSD0.05 (V)
LSD0.05 (W)
LSD0.05 (VxW)
4.6
0.021
0.018
0.015
3.1
2.8
Note: Values followed by the same letter in each treatment column are not significantly different at the 5% level. (V): Variety; (W):
Waterlogging treatment. (-): Non; (+): Little; (++): Many; (+++): So many.
Figure 2. Comparative adventitious root formation in DXVN7 variety after 3 (A), 6 (B), and 9 (C) days of waterlogging
941
Effects of waterlogging duration on germination, physiological characteristics, and yield of mungbean
Waterlogging caused some physiological
disturbances, including reductions in RWC,
SPAD, Fv/Fm index, photosynthesis, and total dry
weight of mungbean. Wilting in crops under
waterlogging has been ascribed to higher
resistance to the mass flow of water through the
roots (Jackson & Drew, 1984). Waterlogging-
tolerant plant varieties develop adaptive
mechanisms to maintain better water
relationships using stomatal conductance (Malik
et al., 2001). In our research, waterlogging
treatments decreased RWC of all mungbean
varieties. The same results have also been shown
in pineapples at the flowering stage (Min &
Bartholomew, 2005) and in mungbean genotypes
(Kumar et al., 2013) after 6 days of waterlogging.
plants to convert light energy into chemical
energy, thereby suppressing the photosynthetic,
reducing the total amount of organic synthesis,
and ultimately leading to a reduction in the
biomass of plants (Zhang et al., 2015).
Moreover, Ahmed et al. (2006) showed that a
reduction in photosynthesis is regulated by
internal damages to photosystem II (PSII) and
ultimately limits light interception. Reductions in
the chlorophyll content (SPAD index),
photosynthesis, and total dry matter of plants
under waterlogging stress were also reported by
Ahmed et al. (2006) and Kumar et al. (2013) in
mungbean; by Wang et al. (2017) in cotton; and
by Vu Tien Binh & Nguyen Viet Long (2015) in
soybean.
According to our experiment, yellow leaves
of mungbean plants (a reduction in the
chlorophyll content through SPAD index)
(Figure 3) might be due to a decrease in leaf
nitrogen, nodulation, N fixation, and production
of toxic substances such as nitrites and sulfides
which move from the soil through roots to the
leave if carried upward in large quantities (Ezin
et al., 2010). In addition, chlorophyll has an
important role in light absorption during the
photosynthetic process. The decrease in the
chlorophyll content could lower the efficiency of
Effect of waterlogging duration on yield
components and seed yield mungbean
Yield components and seed yield of
mungbean varieties were affected by the
waterlogging conditions (Table 5). There were
significant reductions in the number of pods per
plant, 100-seed weight, and seed yield between
the waterlogged and control treatments in all
mungbean varieties. The highest decreases in
yield components and seed yield were at 9 days
of waterlogging that reduced the yield of DX11,
Figure 3. DX11 mungbean variety at the recovery period in the control treatment (A); 6 days of waterlogging treatment (B); and 9
days of waterlogging treatment (C)
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
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Vu Tien Binh & Sorgan S. K. Tai (2020)
Table 3. Effect of waterlogging duration on RWC, SPAD, and Fv/Fm index of mungbean at the recovery period
SPAD
index
Fv/Fm
index
Varieties
Waterlogging (days)
RWC (%)
0
3
6
9
0
3
6
9
0
3
6
9
88.57
84.64
79.35
75.14
90.07
84.49
80.26
78.53
90.17
85.32
81.83
80.52
42.9ab
40.6b
31.1de
28.5e
45.2a
42.8ab
34.9c
31.3de
44.3a
42.6ab
35.2c
33.6cd
3.1
0.79a
0.75ab
0.62cd
0.57f
0.80a
0.75ab
0.65c
0.61cd
0.82a
0.76a
0.68bc
0.64cd
2.7
DX11
DXVN5
DXVN7
CV%
LSD0.05 (V)
LSD0.05 (W)
LSD0.05 (VxW)
2.4
0.04
2.5
0.07
2.8
0.07
Note: Values followed by the same letter in each treatment column are not significantly different at the 5% level. (V): Variety; (W):
Waterlogging treatment.
Table 4. Effect of waterlogging duration on photosynthesis and total dry weight of mungbean at recovery period
Photosynthesis
(µmol CO2/m2 leaf/s)
Total dry weight
(gram)
Varieties
Waterlogging (days)
0
3
6
9
0
3
6
9
0
3
6
9
29.33ab
27.51c
22.08de
21.40de
30.26a
29.11a
22.96d
20.54e
29.52ab
28.47bc
23.14d
22.62d
3.4
3.97bc
3.76cd
3.04e
2.93e
4.22ab
4.01bc
3.36de
3.07e
4.59a
4.26ab
3.61cd
3.20e
3.8
DX11
DXVN5
DXVN7
CV%
LSD0.05 (V)
LSD0.05 (W)
LSD0.05 (VxW)
2.1
0.23
2.3
0.47
1.7
0.42
Note: Values followed by the same letter in each treatment column are not significantly different at the 5% level. (V): Variety; (W):
Waterlogging treatment.
943
Effects of waterlogging duration on germination, physiological characteristics, and yield of mungbean
Table 5. Effect of waterlogging duration on yield components and seed yield of mungbean
Seed yield
(g plant-1)
Waterlogging
(days)
100-seed
weight (g)
Yield
reduction (%)
Varieties
Pods per plant
Seeds per pod
0
3
6
9
0
3
6
9
0
3
6
9
14.3ab
11.6cd
7.1ef
6.6f
7.1a
6.9a
6.7a
6.7a
7.1a
6.9a
6.8a
6.8a
7.2a
7.1a
6.9a
6.8a
2.6
5.05
4.83
4.53
4.32
5.11
5.03
4.65
4.57
5.19
5.06
4.74
4.68
5.12ab
4.67b
3.34cd
3.08d
5.27a
4.86ab
3.73c
3.41cd
5.33a
5.02ab
3.81c
3.65c
3.5
8.9
DX11
33.9
39.1
14.8a
12.3bc
8.4ef
8.2ef
15.1a
13.8ab
9.3de
8.5ef
2.3
7.8
DXVN5
DXVN7
29.2
35.3
5.6
28.5
31.4
CV%
LSD0.05 (V)
LSD0.05 (W)
LSD0.05 (VxW)
1.9
0.8
0.22
2.7
1.2
0.45
2.4
1.3
0.48
Note: Values followed by the same letter in each treatment column are not significantly different at the 5% level. (V): Variety; (W):
Waterlogging treatment.
DXVN5, and DXVN7 by 39.1%, 35.3%, and
31.4%, respectively; followed by 6 days of
waterlogging. Seed yield also declined at 3 days
of waterlogging but did not differ significantly
compared to the control. Among three mungbean
varieties, the highest values of yield components
and seed yield were observed in DXVN7 variety
under waterlogging conditions, followed by
DXVN5 variety. The lowest values of yield
components and seed yield were recorded in
DX11 under waterlogging conditions.
Ahmed et al., 2002) and at 4 days of
waterlogging (Amin et al., 2017; Amin et al.,
2016).
Conclusions
Waterlogging duration affected the
germination of mungbean varieties. The
germination percentages and fresh radicle
weights of waterlogging treatments were lower
than those in the control treatment. Seed
germination at 12 and 24h of waterlogging did
not decreased significantly; whilst germination
percentages and fresh radicle weight decreased
the most significantly at 48 and 72h of
waterlogging.
Plant yield was also affected under
waterlogging stress. In our experiment,
waterlogging at the seedling stage decreased seed
yield primarily by reducing the number of pods
per plant and 100-seed weight. On the other
hand, the reductions in root growth, leaf water
potential, and leaf photosynthesis under
waterlogging in mungbean might have resulted
in decreasing yield components and seed yield. It
was reported in mungbean with a waterlogging
duration of more than 6 days (Kumar et al., 2013;
Waterlogging treatments also inhibited the
growth and development of three mungbean
varieties at the seedling stage. A longer
waterlogging duration caused a higher decrease
in the height of plant, root dry weight, RWC,
SPAD, Fv/Fm index, leaf photosynthesis rate,
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
944
Vu Tien Binh & Sorgan S. K. Tai (2020)
photosynthesis and water relations in mungbean
(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Bangladesh Journal of
total dry weight, and seed yield of all mungbean
varieties. At 9 days of waterlogging, the highest
reduction in physiological traits and seed yield
was observed, followed by 6 days of
waterlogging. Among the three mungbean
varieties, DXVN7 had the highest figures in the
above parameters, whereas the lowest figures
were seen in the DX11 variety.
Botany. 39(2): 241-243.
Jackson M. & Drew M. (1984). Effects of flooding on the
growth and metabolism of herbaceous plants. In:
Kozlowski T. (Ed.). Flooding and plant growth.
Academic, London. 47-128.
Kumar P., Pal M., Joshi R. & Sairam R. (2013). Yield,
growth and physiological responses of mung bean
[Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes to
waterlogging at vegetative stage. Physiology and
Molecular Biology of Plants. 19(2): 209-220.
Acknowledgements
Malik A., Colmer T., Lambers H. & Schortemeyer M.
(2001). Changes in the physiological and
morphological traits of roots and shoots of wheat in
response to different depths of waterlogging.
Australian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28(11): 1121-
1131.
The authors would like to thank the Vietnam
National University of Agriculture for providing
equipment and facilities needed to conduct the
research.
Min X. & Bartholomew D. (2005). Effects of flooding and
drought on ethylene metabolism, titratable acidity and
fruiting of pineapple. Acta Horticulturae. 666: 135-
148.
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