A survey on some immune indicators in the group of Vietnamese children who did not respond to rotavac vaccine
Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N04 - 2021
A SURVEY ON SOME IMMUNE INDICATORS
IN THE GROUP OF VIETNAMESE CHILDREN
WHO DID NOT RESPOND TO ROTAVAC VACCINE
Nguyen Minh Hai1, Phung The Hai³, Do Khac Dai³
Pham Minh Dam1, Pham Ngoc Hung², Nguyen Dang Dung³
SUMMARY
Objectives: To investigate the expression of beta 7 integrin on B and T lymphocytes using a
flow cytometry system. Subjects and methods: We analyzed immunological parameters such
as B and T lymphocyte population as well as B and T cell subpopulations expressing beta 7
integrin molecules by flow cytometry on the two groups of children with and without response to
the Rotavirus vaccine. Results: The number of peripheral blood lymphocytes of the non-response
group was statistically significantly lower than that of the response group (
5.77 1.46 million/mL, p = 0.04). The number of T cells (CD3+) of the non-response group was
statistically significantly lower than that of the response group ( SD: 1.65 0.61 vs 2.05
SD: 4.89 1.71 vs
0.64 million/mL, p = 0.018). The frequency and number of T-cells expressing beta 7 integrin of
the non-response group were statistically significantly lower than those of the response group
(Frequency (
SD): 17.48 2.89 vs 19.44 3.74%, p = 0.029; Quantity (
SD): 0.87 0.41 vs
1.13 0.37 million/mL, p = 0.014). There was no st atistically significant difference between
2 groups for B-cell-related parameters in peripheral blood such as the number and frequency of
total B cells and the B-cell subpopulation expressing beta 7 integrin in peripheral blood.
Conclusion: The group of children not responding to the Rotavirus vaccine was statistically
significantly lower than that of the responding group for the following parameters: Total lymphocyte
count; frequency and number of the subpopulation of T-lymphocytes expressing 7 beta integrin
in peripheral blood.
* Keywords: Rotavirus vaccine; Beta 7 integrin; β7- integrin; B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes.
INTRODUCTION
responders to these vaccines, particularly
in low-income countries such as in Africa
and Asia, where the efficacy ranges from
51% to 64% on average [3, 4, 5]. Factors
influencing vaccine efficacy may include:
immune status of the body, general
nutritional status, nature of circulating
rotavirus strains, intestinal microbiota, etc.
Rotavirus is a common cause of
diarrhea among children globally as well
as in Vietnam [1]. Currrently, orally live-
attenuated Rotavirus vaccines have been
proven effective and widely used [2].
However, there is a proportion of non-
1Department of Exams Accreditation and Medical Education Quality Assurance, Vietnam Military
Medical University
2Department of Epidemiology, Vietnam Military Medical University
³Department of Immunology, Vietnam Military Medical University
Date received: 03/02/2021
Date accepted: 10/4/2021
155
Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N04 - 2021
Based on a clinical trial study of ROTAVAC vaccine. Therefore, this study was carried
vaccine in children aged 6 - 8 weeks, we out to investigate the expression of beta 7
conducted this study: To investigate a
number of factors affecting the
integrin on B and T lymphocytes using a
flow cytometry system.
immunogenicity of the rotavirus vaccine in
Vietnamese children.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
1. Subject, time, place of the study
After oral vaccination of Rotavirus
vaccine, viral antigens were captured and
presented by antigen-presenting cells
(APCs). The APCs then migrate to the
intestinal secondary lymphoid organs or
mesenteric lymph nodes to present viral
antigens to specific B and T cells,
resulting in activation of the humoral
immune response (antibody production)
and the cell-mediated immune response
- Study subjects: 58 children receiving
ROTAVAC® vaccine and having been
tested for IgA with the results of antibody
titration after vaccination who were
divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 30):
With very low initial antibody titres and/or
the ratio after/before vaccination below
1.5. Group 2 (n = 28): With the relatively
high initial antibody titres and/or the ratio
(helper T and cytotoxic T cells) specific to after/before vaccination ≥ 3 [7].
Rotavirus. The specific B and T cells then
- Location: The study was conducted in
Hung Ha district, Thai Binh province.
- Time: From June 2020 to July 2020.
differentiate, proliferate, and move into
the blood, before moving through the
intestinal capillaries and retaining in the
intestine. The gut-homing process of
specific B and T lymphocytes depends on
the expression of an important molecule,
beta 7 integrin. Beta 7 integrin can
combine with another molecule, alpha 4
integrin on lymphocytes to specifically
bind to MAdCAM-1 molecule (expressed
only on intestinal capillary endothelial cells).
After penetrating the intestinal capillaries,
beta 7 integrin can also combine with
alpha E integrin molecule to specifically
bind E-cadherin molecule (expressed only
on intestinal epithelial cells), by which
lymphocytes B or T can be anchored in
the intestine to perform their task [6].
After using ROTAVAC® vaccine
(3 doses enough), children were given
2 - 3 mL of EDTA blood to analyze some
parameters of immune cells by flow
cytometry or total blood count. Collected
samples were coded and double-blindly
analyzed.
2. Methods
- A protocol of evaluating lymphocytes
with a flow cytometry system:
50 µL of peripheral blood of each study
subject was incubated with fluorescent
antibodies (Abs) including anti-CD45
antibody with PerCP (anti-CD45-PerCP),
anti-CD3 antibody with FITC (anti-CD3-
FITC), anti-CD19 antibody with APC
We hypothesized that there might be a
difference in the expression of beta 7 (anti-CD19-APC) and anti-beta 7 integrin
with PE (anti-beta 7 integrin-PE). In addition,
we used isotype control antibody
conjugated with PE (a clone similar to the
clone of anti-beta 7 integrin) to distinguish
negative or positive populations with Beta
integrin molecule on the surface of B and
T lymphocytes (which plays an important
role in the humoral immune response)
between the two groups of children with
response and non-response to Rotavirus
156
Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N04 - 2021
we used isotype control antibody samples, and incubate it for 15 minutes at
room temperature.
conjugated with PE (a clone similar to the
clone of anti-Beta 7 integrin) to distinguish
negative or positive populations with Beta
7 integrin (Isotype control-PE). All antibodies
were manufactured by Biolegends. The
incubation condition was 30 minutes at
room temperature (25°C).
Next, the samples were analyzed by
the ACEA Novocyte flow cytometry system.
- Total blood count:
Total white blood cell counts were
assessed with a total blood count machine.
3. Statistical analysis
Then, use 450 µL of red blood cell lysis
buffer 1X (Biolegends) for each of the 50
µL of the stained peripheral blood
We tested the statistical differences of
the two groups by the student's T-test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
With the 3-dose course of Rotavirus vaccine, some children did respond and some
children did not respond to Rotavirus vaccine. Peripheral blood from 2 groups of response
(the specific antibody concentration increased 3 times compared to the antibody
concentration before the course) and non-response (specific antibody concentration
was 1.5 times less than pre-course antibody concentration) were collected.
Figure 1: The procedure for analyzing peripheral lymphocyte parameters (A) and
how to analyze the data on a flow cytometry system (B).
157
Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N04 - 2021
To count the percentage and number of B or T lymphocytes expressing beta 7 integrin,
we stained the peripheral blood cells with CD45-specific antibody (expressed on all
immune cells), CD3-specific antibody (expressed on T cells), CD19-specific antibody
(expressed on B cells), and beta 7 integrin-specific antibody. Figure 1B depicts how we
analyzed the stained blood samples by using a flow cytometer. In addition, the blood
samples were also analyzed by the total blood count to obtain lymphocyte count.
Figure 2: The numbers and frequency of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of
two groups responding and not responding to Rotavirus vaccine.
We found that the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes of the non-response
group was statistically significantly lower than that of the response group (
SD: 4.89
1.71 vs 5.77 1.46; million/mL); p = 0.04 (figure 2A). In addition, the number of T cells
(CD3+) in the non-response group was also statistically significantly lower than that in
the response group ( SD: 1.65 0.61 vs 2.05 0.64 million/mL; p = 0.018) (figure 2C).
However, the frequency and number of B cells between the two groups were not
statistically different (figure 2D, 2E).
158
Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N04 - 2021
Figure 3: The number and frequency of T and B lymphocytes expressing beta 7 integrin in
peripheral blood of two groups of response and non-response to Rotavirus vaccine.
We continued to evaluate the expression However, we observed no difference in
of beta 7 integrin on B and T lymphocytes. the frequency and number of beta 7
The data showed that the frequency and integrin B-cells between the two groups
number of integrin beta 7-expressing (figure 3C, 3D).
T-cells in the non-response group were
statistically lower than those in the
Contrary to our initial expectation, the
Rotavirus-specific IgA antibody concentration
between the responders and the non-
responders was not similar, there might
be some difference in B-lymphocyte
populations between two groups. Our data
response group (Frequency: (
17.48 2.89 vs 19.44 3.74%; p = 0.029;
Quantity ( SD): 0.87 0,41 vs 1.13
0.37 million/mL, p = 0.014) (figure 3A, 3B).
SD):
159
Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N04 - 2021
showed that B cells between the two should be further explored when using
groups showed no difference in the oral vaccines absorbed through the
frequency and number of total B cells as intestinal mucosa.
well as the beta 7 integrin expressing
B-cell subpopulation (figures 2D, 2E,
3C, 3D). Interestingly, we observed a
CONCLUSION
The group of children who did not
respond to the Rotavirus vaccine showed
statistically significantly lower parameters
compared to the response group
difference in the beta
7
integrin
expressing T subpopulation, in which the
non-response group showed lower
frequency and number than the response
group. (figures 3A, 3B). Although the role
of secreting antibodies specific to Rotavirus
(IgA, IgG) is predominant due to the
specific B cells, the specific T cells may
also play a role in assisting B cell
proliferation and differentiation. This
phenomenon occurs in the secondary
lymphoid organs in the intestine such as
the Payer patches or the mesenteric
lymph nodes. The difficulties in accessing to
these human tissues hinder understanding
of the specific molecular biology
including
total
lymphocyte
count;
frequency and number of subpopulation
of T-lymphocytes expressing an 7-beta
integrin in peripheral blood.
There was no statistically significant
difference between the two groups for
peripheral blood B-cell-related parameters
such as the number and frequency of
total B cells and the B-cell subpopulation
expressing beta 7 integrin.
REFERENCES
1. WHO RI. Vaccines and Biologicals 2016
monitoring_surveillance/burden/estimates/rota
virus/en/
mechanisms
behind
the
vaccine
unresponsiveness. Our results suggest
further studies on the correlation between
expression of the beta 7 integrin molecule
on T cells and the specific antibody
immune response. On the other hand,
many studies have shown the important
role of the vitamin A/rentinoic acid axis
(a product of vitamin A metabolism via an
enzyme retinal dehydrogenase in antigen-
presenting cells) in the expression of
molecules that are important for T
lymphocytes to return to the intestine
such as beta 7 integrin or CCR9 on T
cells, as well as MAd-CAM-1 on intestinal
vascular endothelial cells, and CCL25
(bound to CCR9) by the intestinal mucosa
secreted [8, 9]. Our study suggests that
vitamin A deficiency in young children
2. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Public Health International Vaccine Access
set=current-vaccine-intro status&category=
rv&group=vaccine-introduction
3. Madhi SA, Cunliffe NA, Steele D, Witte
D, Kirsten M, Louw C, Ngwira B, Victor JC,
Gillard PH, Cheuvart BB, Han HH, Neuzil KM
Malawi. Effect of human rotavirus vaccine on
severe diarrhea in African infants. Med J 2016
Sep; 28(3):108-114.
4. Zaman K, Sack DA, Neuzil KM, Yunus
M, Moulton LH, Sugimoto JD, Fleming JA,
Hossain I, Arifeen SE, Azim T, Rahman M,
Lewis KDC, Feller AJ, Qadri F, Halloran ME,
Cravioto A, Victor JC PLoS. Effectiveness of a
160
Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N04 - 2021
live oral human rotavirus vaccine after pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease:
programmatic introduction in Bangladesh: Approved and investigational anti-integrin
A cluster-randomized trial. Med. 2017 Apr.
therapies. Medicinal Research Reviews, 40(1),
5. Bhandari N, Rongsen-Chandola T,
Bavdekar A, John J, Antony K, Taneja S,
Goyal N, Kawade A, Kang G, Rathore SS,
Juvekar S, Muliyil J, Arya A, Shaikh H,
Abraham V, Vrati S, Proschan M, Kohberger
R, Thiry G, Glass R, Greenberg HB, Curlin G,
Mohan K, Harshavardhan GV, Prasad S, Rao
TS, Boslego J, Bhan MK, India Rotavirus
Vaccine Group. Efficacy of a monovalent
human-bovine (116E) Rotavirus vaccine in
Indian infants: A randomised, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2014 Jun 21;
383(9935):2136-2143.
7. Results of report on the pre-acceptance
test of subjects of the Ministry of Health:
Immunogenicity, safety and reactogenicity of
ROTAVAC® in healthy infants aged 6 - 8 weeks
in Viet Nam.
8. Mora JR, Von Andrian UH. Retinoic acid:
An educational "vitamin elixir" for gut-seeking
T cells. Immunity 2004 Oct; 21(4):458-60. doi:
10.1016/j.immuni.2004.10.002. PMID: 15485623.
9. Duester G. Families of retinoid
dehydrogenases regulating vitamin A function:
Production of visual pigment and retinoic acid.
Eur J Biochem 2000 Jul; 267(14):4315-24.
6. Dotan I, Allez M, Danese S, Keir M, Tole S,
McBride, J. (2020). The role of integrins in the
doi:
10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01497.x.
PMID: 10880953.
161
7 trang
15/04/2022
1940
Bạn đang xem tài liệu "A survey on some immune indicators in the group of Vietnamese children who did not respond to rotavac vaccine", để tải tài liệu gốc về máy hãy click vào nút Download ở trên
File đính kèm:
- a_survey_on_some_immune_indicators_in_the_group_of_vietnames.pdf
