Variations in growth performance and nitrogen uptake of sugarcane cultivars under rain-fed conditions
ISSN 2588-1299
VJAS 2020; 3(2): 571-579
Vietnam Journal
of Agricultural
Sciences
Variations in Growth Performance and
Nitrogen Uptake of Sugarcane Cultivars
Under Rain-Fed Conditions
Dinh Thai Hoang1, Hiroo Takaragawa2, Le Trong Lu2, Eizo
Taira2 & Yoshinobu Kawamitsu2
1Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000,
Vietnam
2Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to evaluate growth and nitrogen
uptake of the twelve sugarcane varieties, viz. NiF3, NiF8, Ni9, Ni12,
Ni15, Ni17, Ni21, Ni22, Ni25, Ni27, Ni28, and Ni29, under rain-fed
conditions during the period from 70 to 160 days after transplanting
(DAT) at the experimental field, Faculty of Agriculture, University
of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. The results showed that water
shortage from a rain-fed condition caused reductions, but not
significant in plant height and SPAD of sugarcane varieties. The
genetic variation in leaf area, yield components, partial and total
biomass, and cane yield was found among the investigated varieties.
The positive associations between total nitrogen uptake with total
biomass production and cane yield suggested that higher nitrogen
uptake supports better growth performance of sugarcane under rain-
fed conditions. From this study, NiF3 and Ni27 could be introduced
as the promising sugarcane varieties for better growth performance
and high nitrogen uptake under rain-fed conditions.
Keywords
Growth, nitrogen uptake, sugarcane, water stress
Introduction
Sugarcane produces an enormous biomass production with an
average of approximately 40 tons per ha per year (Waclawovsky et
al., 2010). In its life cycle, sugarcane consumes a huge amount of
nitrogen (N) and water for growth and development. The sugarcane
productivity is mostly contributed by the stalk weight and stalk
population. Water shortage at tillering and elongating phases reduces
plant growth and plant population which leads to a decrease in the
number of millable stalks. The low millable stalk number will result
in losses of both cane and sugar yield (Dinh et al., 2017b). Therefore,
water shortage at these phases becomes one of the most important
limiting factors in sugarcane production.
Received: April 6, 2020
Accepted: July 15, 2020
Correspondence to
571
Variations in growth performance and nitrogen uptake of sugarcane cultivars under rain-fed conditions
In most cases, N is often applied during
tillering and early elongating phases to supply
essential materials to critical processes such as
photosynthesis, plant growth, leaf expansion, and
tiller or sucker production. During these phases,
N is easily lost from the soil through leaching and
volatilization processes. N deficiency reduces the
photosynthetic capacity, induces stunted growth,
reduces stooling, and leads to low productivity
(Schroeder et al., 2014, Dinh et al., 2017a; 2018).
Moreover, in tropical and subtropical regions,
sugarcane often confronts water-shortage from
the limitation of water supply because most of
the production areas are grown under rain-fed
conditions. Water shortage during tillering and
early elongating phases induces low tissue water
status and interferes with water absorption
followed by the reduction of nutrient uptake
(Lopes et al., 2011; Dinh et al., 2014) and
restricting enzyme activity in the assimilation
and remobilization processes (Abayomi, 2001).
Hence, it becomes one of the main reasons for N
deficiency. Breeding for better growth and
higher N uptake, especially under the limitation
of water supplement during tillering and
elongating phases, is crucial. The objective of
this study was to evaluate the growth, biomass
period was 734.0mm, mainly from early June to
mid-September with a small typhoon in early July.
Crop management
The experimental field was prepared by
ploughing and harrowing one month before
planting. Twelve commercial sugarcane varieties
in Japan, namely NiF3, NiF8, Ni9, Ni12, Ni15,
Ni17, Ni21, Ni22, Ni25, Ni27, Ni28, and Ni29,
were used as experimental materials. The two-
month-old sugarcane seedlings were transplanted
on April 19, 2018 with a distance of 120x30cm
in row and plant interval, respectively. The
surface drip tape (Adrilite, Adritec Group) with a
distance of 30cm between emitters, connected
with an irrigation controller (Aqua Pro, Netafim
Irrigation Equipment and Drip Systems, Israel)
was installed in each sugarcane row to supply
water immediately after transplanting. The
irrigation pressure was kept at around 0.2 bar to
control the water flow rate at approximately 1.5
L h-1. Fertilizer was supplied 3 times at a ratio of
2.0:2.0:2.5 by 1300 kg ha-1 of NPK 16:6:6 at 7,
30, and 60 days after transplanting (DAT),
respectively.
During the experiment period, hand weeding
was carried out to protect the plants from the
nutritional competition of weeds. Pests and
diseases were frequently observed and controlled
when occurring. Fipronil ((±)-5-amino-1-(2,6-
dichloro-a,a,a-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-
performance, and
N
uptake of twelve
commercial sugarcane varieties, and to identify
the relationship between N uptake and biomass
production under water-limitation conditions.
trifluomethylsulfinyl pryrazole-3-carbonitrile)
0.5% at the rate of 65 kg ha-1, and
Materials and Methods
Chlorantraniliprole
(3-bromo-N-(4-chloro-2-
Experimental site
methyl-6([methylamino]carbonyl)phenyl)-1-[3-
chloro-2-pyridinyl]-1H-pyrazole-5-
The experiment was conducted at the
experimental field, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
(26°25’ N, 127°45’ E; altitude 126m) from April
to October 2018. The experimental soil is
Shimajiri Mahji red soil type with pH 6.2 and
total N content 0.11%. The climatic conditions
during the experimental period are shown in
Figure 1 with the daily average air humidity and
solar radiation ranging from 51.9 to 92.6% and
from 16.3 to 337.2 W m-2, respectively. The daily
average air temperature increased from 19.1 to
28.6oC. Wind speed fluctuated from 0.6 to 5.0 m
s-1. Total precipitation during the experimental
carboxamide) 10% w v-1) with a 1:5000 dilution
ratio at the rate of 1000 L ha-1 were applied as
insecticides to control stem borers. Other crop
management practices were applied following
the cultivation manual for sugarcane (Okinawa
Prefectural Government, 2015).
Experimental design and soil moisture
management
The experiment was divided into two blocks:
(i) a water-shortage block where sugarcane was
grown under rain-fed conditions during tillering
and elongating phases; and (ii) a control block
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
572
Dinh Thai Hoang et al. (2020)
Figure 1. Weather conditions during the experimental period
At 160 DAT, sample plants from the water-
shortage block were taken to compare
agronomical parameters among sugarcane
varieties. The aboveground parts of the sample
plant were cut, and the whole plant leaf blades
were separated to determine leaf fresh weight,
the leaf sample of 250g of fresh weight was taken
to measure leaf area using leaf area meter (LI-
3100, LI-COR, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA). The
total leaf area was converted by a sample leaf
area from the ratio of fresh weights of the sample
and total plant leaf. After removing leaf blades,
the total stalks fresh weight, the number of stalks,
stalk heights and diameter were determined. The
stalk sample of 1kg of fresh weight was taken to
shred by a cutter grinder (S392, Jeffco, Jeffress
Engineering, Australia). Then, 500g of the
sample was taken to determine the fresh weight
and then squeezed by a hydraulic press machine
to determine fresh bagasse weight. Bagasse and
leaf samples, then, were dried at 80°C for 48h to
determine dry weights. After that, total leaf dry
weight and stalk dry weight were converted from
leaf sample dry weight by the ratio of fresh
weights of the sample to total plant leaf, and
sample bagasse dry weight by the ratio of grinder
sample fresh weight to total stalk fresh weight.
Total plant dry weight was calculated by the sum
of total leaf and stalk dry weight.
where sugarcane was grown under full irrigation
conditions. In each block, the same experimental
design by a randomized complete block design
with three replications was used. For the control
block, soil moisture was maintained around field
capacity at soil moisture potential (pF value) of
approximately 2.0 throughout the crop season.
Soil matric potential value (pF) was recorded at
10-minute intervals by soil matric potential
sensors (MPS-6, Decagon Devices Inc., USA)
which were installed from 65 DAT between the
third and fourth plants in each sugarcane row at
a depth of 25cm (Figure 2a). The total amount
of water applied for each plot was calculated by
crop water requirement (ETcrop) which was
calculated following the methods described by
Doorenbos & Pruitt (1992) using the crop
coefficient for Naha region as suggested by
Hossain et al. (2005) and the reference
evapotranspiration calculated according to
fao.org). For water-shortage block, water was
withheld for 90 days from 70 DAT.
Data collection
From 30 DAT, plant height was measured
from soil surface to top visual dewlap of the
mother stalk at 10 days intervals. At the same
time, SPAD was measured at the first fully
expanded leaves of the sample plant of each
treatment in all replications using a SPAD meter
(SPAD-502, Minolta, Japan).
To determine total N uptake, the dry leaf and
bagasse sample were ground separately by a
power grinder (MN-02C Master T-429, Taiwan).
Then, 25mg of sample was taken to determine N
573
Variations in growth performance and nitrogen uptake of sugarcane cultivars under rain-fed conditions
concentration using an N/C analyzer (NC-90A,
Shimadzu, Japan). Total N uptake was calculated
by total leaf and stalk N content.
at the same levels for 20 days before declining to
42 on July 20 (92 DAT). The difference between
SPAD of the two water treatment blocks was
found to be clearer, but not significant, from this
date with lower SPAD values of the water-
shortage treatment as compared to that of the
control treatment. Since 123 DAT (August 20),
SPAD of the water-shortage treatment became
similar to that of the control.
Data analysis
The data were subjected to analysis of
variance according to a randomized complete
block design using Statistix 8.0. The T-test was
used to compare the means between two
treatment blocks. The least significant difference
(LSD) test was used to compare the means
among sugarcane varieties.
Variation in agronomical parameters, biomass,
and N uptake of sugarcane varieties
Because no difference in the growth of the
sugarcane plant between water stress and control
treatment (statistical not shown) was found, the
result for agronomical parameters, biomass, and
N uptake of sugarcane varieties were only shown
in rain-fed treatment. Several agronomical
parameters of sugarcane varieties are shown in
Table 1. Sugarcane varieties tillered
concentrative from 26 to 42 DAT. Ni29 was the
earliest tillering variety followed by Ni27 with
26 and 28 DAT, respectively. Ni21 was the latest
tillering variety, later than other varieties from 5
to 16 days. There were significant differences in
leaf area, tiller number, stalk length, stalk fresh
weight, and stalk perimeter. Leaf areas of
sugarcane varieties ranged from 1.40 to 2.53m2,
where NiF8 had the largest leaf area,
significantly higher than Ni12, Ni15, Ni21, Ni25,
and Ni29. Tiller number ranged from 3.7 to 8.0
tillers plant-1. NiF8 had the highest tiller number,
whereas Ni21 showed the lowest one, but only
significantly lower than NiF8 and Ni9. Stalk
height of sugarcane varieties ranged from 216.7
to 260.5cm, where NiF3 showed the highest
value and significantly higher than other
varieties, except for NiF8, Ni22, Ni27, and Ni28.
Meanwhile, Ni15 had the lowest stalk height and
significantly lower than the five above varieties.
NiF3 also showed the highest values for fresh
stalk weight (1.23 kg stalk-1) and stalk diameter
(2.6cm), significantly higher than all other
varieties, except for Ni21 and Ni27 in stalk
diameter. Meanwhile, NiF8 showed the lowest
values for both stalk weight and diameter.
Results
Effect of water shortage on sugarcane growth
During the first 2 months after transplanting,
the average plant height increasing the rate of
sugarcane varieties was slow with 1.0 cm day-1 in
both water treatment blocks (Figure 2b). It, then,
rapidly increased with the highest rate of 3.5 cm
day-1 during the period from 63 (June 21) to 72
DAT (June 30). Afterwards, the increasing rate
in the control block was reduced and maintained
stable at around 2 cm plant-1. In the water-
shortage block, the increasing rate was lower
than that of the control block during the period
from 81 (July 9) to 102 DAT (July 30). The
clearest difference was found during the most
stressful period when pF reached the highest
values from 92 to 102 DAT. Subsequently, the
plant height increasing rate of sugarcane plant in
the stress block recovered and maintained at the
same rate as that of the control block. The water
stress during the short period from 80 to 105
DAT might have a certain effect on increasing
the rate of the average plant height of sugarcane
varieties, which resulted in lower plant height in
the water-shortage treatment in comparison with
that in the control treatment (Figure 2c).
However, because of the appearance of rainfall
alternated in the water-shortage period, the
difference in plant height between the two water
regime treatments was not significant.
From Figure 2d, it can be seen that there was
a downward trend of SPAD of sugarcane varieties
from 52 at the beginning (May 17) to 46 at 63 DAT
(June 21). Following that, SPAD was maintained
The differences among sugarcane varieties
were significant in leaf dry weight, stalk dry
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
574
Dinh Thai Hoang et al. (2020)
Figure 2. Soil water potential (a), plant height increasing rate (b), plant height (c), and SPAD (d) of sugarcane in water-shortage
block (open shape) and control block (close shape)
weight, total dry weight, total N uptake, and cane
yield, but not significant in SPAD (Table 2).
NiF8, Ni9, and Ni27 showed the highest values
for leaf dry weight, significantly higher than
Ni12, Ni15, Ni21, and Ni25. Meanwhile, NiF3
and Ni27 showed the highest values for dry stalk
weight, significantly higher than Ni12, Ni15,
N21, Ni25, and Ni29. The total dry weight of
NiF3 was the highest, which was followed by
Ni27 and NiF8, significantly higher than Ni12,
Ni15, Ni17, Ni21, and Ni25. Ni27 and NiF3
showed the highest total N uptake values,
significantly higher than Ni21 and Ni25. Ni27
followed by NiF3 showed the highest values for
cane yield which were significantly higher than
other varieties except for NiF8, Ni9, Ni17, Ni28,
and Ni29.
except for stalk diameter with total dry weight (r
= 0.16ns) and stalk number with cane yield (r =
0.30ns). A positive correlation was also found in
the relationship between total N uptake with total
dry weight (r = 0.91**) and cane yield (r =
0.89**) (Table 3).
Discussion
Effect of water shortage on sugarcane growth
In general, plant growth presented in plant
elongating or leaf expansion is inhibited because
of lacking energy and materials to support cell
division and elongation processes when plants
are under water-deficit conditions. Many
previous studies demonstrated harmful effects of
water stress on plant height, plant elongating rate,
leaf number, leaf area index, and SPAD (Barbosa
et al., 2015; Begum et al., 2012; Begum & Islam,
There were significant positive correlations
among agronomical and growth parameters,
575
Variations in growth performance and nitrogen uptake of sugarcane cultivars under rain-fed conditions
Table 1. Tillering date, tiller number, stalk height, stalk fresh weight, and stalk diameter of sugarcane varieties under rain-fed
conditions
Tillering date
(DAT)
Leaf area
(m2)
Tiller number
plant-1
Stalk height
(cm)
Stalk diameter
(cm)
Single stalk
weight (kg)
Varieties
NiF3
NiF8
Ni9
37
30
32
35
36
34
42
31
36
28
31
26
-
2.17abc
2.53a
2.20ab
1.87bcd
1.40d
2.00a-d
1.57cd
1.93a-d
1.63bcd
2.17abc
2.00a-d
1.53d
19.3
4.3bc
8.0a
5.7b
4.3bc
4.7bc
4.3bc
3.7c
5.0bc
4.0c
5.0bc
5.0bc
5.0bc
19.1
**
260.5a
248.2abc
233.4b-e
220.4de
216.7e
224.0b-e
225.1b-e
236.7a-d
223.2cde
250.9ab
244.3a-d
223.5cde
6.8
1.23a
0.47e
0.73cd
0.80cd
0.73cd
0.90bc
0.87bcd
0.70d
0.77cd
1.03b
0.86bcd
0.90bc
13.5
2.6a
1.5e
2.0d
2.2bcd
2.1cd
2.3b
2.4ab
2.0d
2.2bcd
2.4ab
2.2bcd
2.3bc
6.3
Ni12
Ni15
Ni17
Ni21
Ni22
Ni25
Ni27
Ni28
Ni29
CV%
Significance
level
-
*
*
**
**
Note: * and ** mean non-significant and significant at P< 0.05 and P< 0.01, respectively. Different small letters in the same
column show significance between sugarcane varieties at the same water levels at P< 0.05 by LSD.
Table 2. SPAD, stalk dry weight, leaf dry weight, total dry weight, total nitrogen uptake, and cane yield of sugarcane varieties
under rain-fed conditions
Stalk dry
weight
Total dry
weight
Total N uptake
(g plant-1)
Cane yield
(tones ha-1)
Leaf dry weight
(g plant-1)
Varieties
SPAD
(g plant-1)
585.3a
472.1abc
418.0ab
371.8bc
353.5c
383.7abc
276.6c
434.7abc
302.5c
528.3a
405.4abc
410.3bc
19.5
(g plant-1)
786.4a
710.6abc
652.5a-d
543.8c-f
507.5def
596.0b-f
436.6f
NiF3
NiF8
Ni9
42.2c
48.5a
44.6abc
44.8abc
45.9abc
42.9c
44.2abc
48.0ab
42.9c
43.1c
43.0c
43.6bc
5.9
201.1ab
238.5a
234.5a
172.0b
154.0b
212.4ab
160.0b
203.5ab
157.1b
238.9a
197.8ab
205.5ab
18.6
4.0ab
3.7abc
3.8ab
3.1bcd
3.0bcd
3.2bcd
2.8cd
3.7abc
2.7d
138.5ab
100.1bc
114.3abc
95.0c
Ni12
Ni15
Ni17
Ni21
Ni22
Ni25
Ni27
Ni28
Ni29
CV%
94.2c
108.6abc
87.0c
638.2a-e
459.6ef
767.2ab
603.2a-f
615.8a-f
18.7
98.3c
83.8c
4.3a
142.1a
116.3abc
122.7abc
22.0
3.5a-d
3.8ab
16.1
*
Significance
level
Ns
**
*
*
*
Note: ns, *, and ** mean non-significant, significant at P< 0.05 and P< 0.01, respectively. Different small letters in the same column
show significant differences between sugarcane varieties at the same water levels at P< 0.05 by LSD.
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
576
Dinh Thai Hoang et al. (2020)
Table 3. Correlation of agronomical and growth parameters with biomass production (n = 36)
Parameters
Stalk number
Stalk height
Total dry weight
0.54**
Cane yield
0.30ns
0.56**
0.41*
Stalk diameter
Stalk weight
0.16ns
0.47**
0.58**
0.60**
0.72**
0.87**
0.89**
0.56**
Leaf area
0.83**
Leaf dry weight
Shoot dry weight
Total N uptake
0.88**
0.98**
0.91**
Note: ns, *, and ** mean non-significant, significant at P< 0.05 and P< 0.01, respectively.
2012; Dinh et al., 2017a; Ethan et al., 2016;
Jangpromma et al., 2010; Robertson et al., 1999;
Silva et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2010). In this
study, the decrease of plant height increasing rate
was recorded during the most severe water-
deficit period of 81 to 120 DAT, which led to a
lower plant height of water-shortage treatment in
comparison to that of control treatment from 81
DAT until the end of the experiment. SPAD
seemed less sensitive to water-shortage than
plant height. The lower SPAD of stress treatment
was observed in a later period from 102 to 112
DAT, then becoming similar to SPAD of control
treatment from 123 DAT (Figure 2d). However,
the difference in plant height and SPAD after the
experimental period between the two water
treatments was not significant. A previous study
suggested that starting irrigating when pF
increases to 2.8 may avoid plant growth
reduction (Dinh et al., 2019). Therefore, water
shortage (totally around 20 days) in this study is
too short to have any significant impact on the
growth of sugarcane. Moreover, the disturbance
from rainfall, especially during the later period of
the experiment, may give sugarcane plants the
chance to recover. Jangpromma et al. (2010) and
Dinh et al. (2017b) also found the recovery of
SPAD after the drought stress period.
Jangpromma et al. (2012) agreed that mild
drought stress during the short period from 90 to
100 days after planting did not have any
noticeable effects on the relative growth rate of
sugarcane plant height.
Variation in agronomical parameters,
biomass, and N uptake of sugarcane varieties
In this study, variation in growth, yield
component, biomass, cane yield as well as total
N uptake was found among investigated
varieties. Genetic variation in leaf area, cane
yield and yield components, partial and total
biomass was also found in sugarcane varieties
by; Dinh et al. (2018); Li et al. (2017); Jackson
et al. (2016); Luo et al. (2014); Basnayake et al.
(2012); and Ramesh (2000). The evidence of
variation in N uptake of sugarcane varieties was
reported by Schumann et al. (1998) and Ranjith
and Meinzer (1997). Under pot conditions, Dinh
et al. (2018) did not found any differences in total
N uptakes among five similar sugarcane
varieties, NiF3, Ni9, Ni17, Ni21, and Ni22, in
both drought stress and non-stress treatments. In
this study, the significant difference of N uptake
was found only between NiF3 and Ni21;
whereas, no difference was found among these
two varieties with the other three varieties.
In this study, total dry matter accumulation
had a positive correlation with stalk number,
stalk height, and stalk weight (Table 3). Tena et
al. (2016) and Silva et al. (2008) also found a
positive correlation among yield components
(stalk number, stalk height, stalk diameter and
stalk weight) and productivity under water-
shortage and normal irrigation conditions,
respectively. It is suggested that sugarcane with
high stalk number, stalk height, stalk weight, and
leaf area has high potential for high dry matter
accumulation. Moreover, because of the
correlation coefficients of stalk number and stalk
577
Variations in growth performance and nitrogen uptake of sugarcane cultivars under rain-fed conditions
weight with total dry weight were almost similar
(r = 0.54** and r = 0.56**, respectively), the
difference in total dry weight among varieties of
stalk number and stalk weight type was not
noticeable. This point of view is in line with
Ehara et al. (1994). In the case of cane yield, the
most contribution came from stalk weight (r =
0.58**). In this study, both leaf dry weight and
stalk dry weight directly contributed to total plant
dry weight and cane yield with a higher
correlation coefficient of stalk dry weight (r =
0.98** and r = 0.87**) than that of dry leaf
weight (r = 0.88** and r = 0.72**) with total dry
weight and cane yield, respectively. It means that
stalk has a larger contribution to total biomass
production and cane yield than leaf. Furthermore,
another finding of this study is that there were
positive correlations between total N uptake and
total dry matter accumulation and between total
N uptake and cane yield. It agreed and supported
the suggestion of Dinh et al. (2017a) that higher
N uptake could support better biomass and yield
performance of sugarcane under both irrigation
and water shortage conditions. Under the same N
application conditions, better N uptake or N use
efficiency could support better growth and crop
yield (Acreche, 2017; Calif & Edgecombe, 2015).
Higher N use efficiency could also help plants
attain higher abilityto confront water deficit (Dinh
et al., 2017a). From this study, NiF3 and Ni27
could be introduced as the promising varieties for
higher growth performance and N uptake under
rain-fed conditions.
varieties for growth performance and nitrogen
uptake under rain-fed conditions.
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Conclusions
The results indicated that there were no
significant reductions in the growth of sugarcane
under rain-fed conditions compared to irrigated
conditions. Under rain-fed conditions, the
genetic variation was found among twelve
sugarcane varieties in leaf area, yield
components, partial and total biomass, total
nitrogen uptake, and cane yield. The correlation
coefficients among agronomical and growth
parameters were positive and significant. Better
growth performance of sugarcane could be
supported by higher nitrogen uptake under rain-
fed conditions. NiF3 and Ni27 were the best
Dinh T. H., Watanabe K., Takaragawa H. & Kawamitsu Y.
(2017b). Effects of drought stress at early growth stage
on response of sugarcane to different nitrogen
application. Sugar Tech. 20: 420-430.
Dinh T. H., Takaragawa H. & Kawamitsu Y. (2018).
Nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerant ability of
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