Rethinking city classification system in Vietnam: Towards urban sustainability and people-centered development
VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2020) 81-91
Original Article
Rethinking City Classification System in Vietnam: Towards
Urban Sustainability and People-Centered Development
Le Minh Son*
Vietnam Institute for Development Planning Strategies, Ministry of Planning and Investment,
65 Van Mieu, Hanoi, Vietnam
Received 12 May 2020
Revised 09 June 2020; Accepted 15 June 2020
Abstract: This paper presents an original attempt to bring forward extended perspectives about the
City Classification System (CCS) in Vietnam. For many years, the CCS has played a central role
the development of Vietnam national urban system as well as a motivating guideline for individual
cities. However, (1) aspects of sustainable urban development are underrepresented among the CCS
indicators and (2) the CCS remains a top-down, rigid policy which takes away much of the local
development context and their developmental challenges. It is argued that Vietnam CCS needs
adjusting to better reflect the multi-dimensional nature of urban development process (especially
sustainability) and to better comprehend people-oriented, local development.
Keywords: City classification system; development; people-centered; urban policy; urban
sustainability.
interchangeably) has expanded rapidly. In 2009,
there were 731 cities nationwide, by 2019, the
number of cities has increased to 833, in which
class I cities (top of the hierarchy) increased
from 05 to 20 (Table 2).
1. Introduction
Among the East and South East Asian
countries, Vietnam is a relatively late comer but
also one of the fastest transforming, in its urban
transition. While in 1990, only 19.5% (12.8
million) of the country's population were
classified as urban, by 2018 urban population
already accounted for 35.7% (33.8 million) of
national population (GSO [1], see Appendix A).
The system of cities (or urban system,
The active, conducting role in facilitating
and promoting urban growth in Vietnam has
been attributed to the Vietnamese party-state,
particularly since 1986 economic reform when
industrialization and trade liberalization were
introduced [2, 3]. One of the cornerstone policies
________
Corresponding author.
Email address: [email protected]n
81
L.M. Son / VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2020) 81-91
82
in Vietnam urban development picture has been
the City Classification System (CCS) which,
broadly speaking, aims to categorize Vietnamese
cities into 'classes' respective to their socio-
economic performance using a set of indicators.
The CCS has been a central policy in Vietnam
urban development framework, in which it acts
both as a monitoring instrument for the central
government and as a development guidance
for local governments. However, long-term
urban issues such as environmental pollution,
congestion, social inequity, etc. as well as the
ways in which such policy has shaped socio-
economic development in Vietnamese cities
intrigue questions about its effectiveness and
practicality, an area that has cumulated rather
scarce and limited research attention so far.
2. City Classification System and Urban
System in Vietnam
A
review of the socio-economic
development strategy (SEDS) documentations
shows that the Vietnamese party-state has
recognized and repeatedly emphasized the
economic role of cities and the urban network as
the engine of local and national growth. For
instance, in as early as 2001, orientations
emphasized:
‘Planning the urban network with a few big
cities, many medium cities and small urban
systems with reasonable distribution in the
regions’ (SEDS 2001 - 2010 [4]).
Ten years later, a more specific orientations
were given:
This paper thus presents an original attempt
to contribute to this literature gap by bringing
forward extended views around the CCS. It is
argued that firstly, aspects of urban sustainability
have often been overlooked in the CCS and
secondly, as top-down policy the CCS has often
omitted local development context as well as the
optimal development paths for cities. Because of
the lack of reliable data and access to
information, this paper the paper would not go
in-depth in analyzing the CCS but instead
presents perspectives not yet discussed in current
literature. The analysis relies on data and
documentations published by the Vietnamese
‘Step by step forming a system of urban
areas with synchronous, modern and
environmental friendly infrastructure including
some big cities and many small and medium-
sized cities linked and rationally distributed
across regions’ (SEDS 2011-2020 [5]).
To erect and monitor a system of cities as the
backbone of national economy requires a
comprehensive set of instruments, and thus the
CCS was established. Its primary aim is to
categorize Vietnamese cities into specific
"classes" according to their socio-economic
performance using a set of indicators criteria. It
was first established in 2001 [6], underwent
revision in 2009 [7] and officially put into Law
in that same year [8]. Major inconsistent
provisions existed between those documents (for
example, see Chau [9]), so eventually in 2016,
government-state,
secondary
literature
relevant to urban development in Vietnam and,
to a lesser extent, information that are
available in public domains.
The rest of this paper proceeds as follows.
Section 2 sketches an overview pictures of the
CCS and current status of Vietnam urban
system. Section 3 reviews some limitations of
the CCS and shows the case to reconsider CCS
to better account for sustainability and bottom-
up people centric development. The conclusion
provides further discussion on urban
development and some future policy adjustment.
A summary of legal documents referred in this
paper is provided in Appendix C.
Vietnam
National
Assembly
Standing
Committee passed Resolution No. 1210 on
Classification of Cities [10] to overcome these
overlaps and conflicts. Currently, this is the
latest legal document in effect on the criteria for
city classification, competence and relevant
procedures. A preliminary comparison of criteria
from early to current documentations is
demonstrated in Table 1.
Accordingly, Vietnamese cities are
designated into six classes: Special, I, II, III, IV,
L.M. Son / VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2020) 81-91
83
V (Roman numerals) using the point-based
system which consists of six indicator groups:
(1) Functions of an urban center; (2) Population
size; (3) Population density; (4) Non-agricultural
labor; (5) Urban infrastructure facilities; (6)
Urban architecture and landscape. To advance to
a higher class, a city is required to score at least
the minimum point in total as well as the
minimum point in each criteria.
Table 1. Comparison of criteria and points urban classification systems through the years
2001 [6]
Min
point point
2009 [7, 11]
2016 [10]
Min
Indicators
Max
Indicators
Min
point point
Max
Indicators
Max
point
20
point
1. Functions of
Urban Center
17
10
7
25
15
10
20
1. Functions of
Urban Center
2. Population
size
10.5
7
15
10
5
1. Functions of
Urban Center
15
2. Population
size
2. Population size
6
8
6
6
3. Population
density
3. Population
density
3.5
3.5
3. Population
density
4.5
4.5
4. Non-
agricultural
labor
15
4. Non-
5
4. Proportion of
non-agricultural
labor
agricultural labor
5. Urban
21
30
5. Urban
38.5
55
5. Urban
45
60
infrastructure
facilities
infrastructure
facilities
Infrastructure
facilities & Urban
architecture and
landscape
6. Urban
7
10
architecture &
landscape
Total
70
100
Total
70
100
Total
75
100
Source: Tabulated by author, based on documentations
The CCS which plays important role in
concretizing the strategic orientations set by
Vietnamese party-state. Specifically, city
classification is the central focus of Vietnam
Urban System Development Master Plan [12], in
which very specific targets are set for the number
of cities in each class (see Table 2). In addition,
funding and budget are distributed from the
central government to cities based on their
respective classes, according to the Urban
Upgrading Program 2009 - 2020 [13]. CCS is
complementary to, and should be distinguished
City, because of their economic and political
significance, are assigned 'Special' classes and
currently they remain the only two Special-
classed cities in Vietnam.
By the end of 2019, Vietnam's urban system
consists of 02 special cities, 20 class I cities, 29
class II cities, 45 class III cities, 85 class IV cities
and 652 class V cities (Table 2). Compared to
2009, there is an increase of 15 class I cities, 10
class II cities, 05 class III cities, 38 of class IV,
30 class V cities. Overall, in 10 years, there were
102 new cities. The average urbanization rate
increased from 29.74% to 35.74% in 2009 - 2018
[1]. The urban system in Vietnam is
characteristically hierarchical (i.e. bottom
heavy); the increase in the number of cities is
mainly in the group of cities of class IV and V.
from,
Vietnam's
regional
and
urban
administration hierarchy (see Appendix B) in a
sense that only cities direct under central
government, provincial cities and towns are
listed in the system. Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh
L.M. Son / VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2020) 81-91
84
Table 2. Urban classification in Vietnam in 2009 and 2019
Actual
Target set by the government
Class
2009
02
05
12
40
2019
02
20
29
45
2015
02
9
2025
Special
17
I
II
III
23
65
20
81
IV
V
Total
47
625
731
85
652
833
79
687
870
122
760
1000
Source: Data for 2009 from The World Bank [14, p. 12]; data for 2019 from Vietnam Ministry of
Construction [15]; target figures from Vietnam Urban System Master Plan [12]
number of cities by respective classes closely
match the objective targets set by the
government. However, both the media and the
research circles have often been skeptical, even
critical, about the true motivations by local
authorities as well as the official figures
reported. Whether or not the figures are inflated
is not the focus of this paper and it should be
cautiously noted that not all contemporary issues
in Vietnamese urban development are solely
rooted in the CCS. But given the significance of
the CCS in Vietnamese urban framework with
long-established practices and procedures, any
adjustment in the provisions of the policy would
have universal impacts to the system of cities.
3. Placing Urban sustainability and People
at the Center of Development
From the central government perspective,
city classification policy provides a systemized,
streamlined framework via which the grand,
nationwide urban network picture can be
observed and monitored. For local governments,
city classification policy is a useful guideline for
cities to self-assess and navigate their positions
in Vietnam's urban system. City class and
ranking are often used by urban authorities in
promoting their image and attracting investment.
Arguably, this is a factor that stimulates cities to
mobilize, innovate and compete fairly with each
other. General consensus is that the policy has
provided an incentive for cities to attain upward
mobility within the urban hierarchy. The World
Bank [14, p. 11] affirmed that "striving for
higher classification standards is a major
preoccupation of local government authorities as
the higher classifications receive a larger share
of state resources. The classification system
provides incentives for cities to try to move to a
higher class". OECD [16, p. 21] agreed that "the
greater autonomy and increased financial
flexibility that comes with the higher
classifications creates an incentive for attaining
upward mobility within the scale".
In terms of contemporary legal framework,
some studies have voiced concern on how the
structure of the CCS influences the development
choices made by local authorities. In the report
"Vietnam 2035" jointly published by The World
Bank and Vietnam Ministry of Planning and
Investment, it is argued [3, p. 223] that the
"original goal was to spur the development of
cities using indicators set by the central
government", however "the urban classification
system
encourages
local
infrastructure
development, leading to massive and fragmented
urban development". Indeed, the CCS structure
(illustrated in Table 1) is skewed towards urban
infrastructure facilities. Out of maximum 100-
point, urban infrastructure facilities, architecture
and landscape indicators account for 30, 65 and
60 point (in 2001, 2009, 2016 respectively),
meanwhile points awarded to other indicators
Supposedly, if the policy is carried out
perfectly (i.e. in a consistent and rigorous
manner in each and across different levels of
administration) then Vietnam urban system
appears to be expanding healthily, i.e. the
L.M. Son / VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2020) 81-91
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are far lower. Consequently, a city can score the
minimum points required by mainly investing in
additional infrastructure. An example from
Coulthart et al. [17, pp. 4–5] showed that "a city
or town may invest in road expansion when there
is only limited traffic demand, instead of
expanding piped water supply, where clear need
exists".The choice of investment made by local
authority therefore is geared to 'tick the box'
instead of targeting true local demands.
often not acknowledged nor recognized in
official reports which thereupon hinders proper
investigation in the effectiveness of the CCS.
This is elaborated in two further observations:
First of these, aspects of sustainable urban
development are underrepresented among the
CCS indicators; in other words, while the CCS
has covered basic development aspects of a city,
it is not specific enough in terms of urban
sustainability. The CCS is relatively single-
minded in its design and thus results in a rather
one-dimensional approach by local authorities:
the increased urbanization via physical
expansion of the city. As illustrated in Table 1,
the way the CCS is structured highly encourages
short-term infrastructure-led investment at city-
level. While urbanization is a common
phenomenon of economic development, rapid
urban development not necessarily lead to
growth; rapid urban development without far-
seeing vision and careful management
potentially leads to very costly long-term
readjustment. For instance, as shown in an
investigation by the Development Bank of Latin
America [21, pp. 24–27], despite a high level of
urbanization on par to developed countries, per
capita income levels in Latin America lags 50
years behind Europe and 70 years behind the
United States - the case coined as "urbanization
In terms of CCS implementation, local
newspapers have reported issues such as: local
short-term spontaneous, mass investment to
qualify for higher classification; informal
lobbying to advance to a higher classification
[18]; loopholes and poor monitoring procedures
resulting in cities qualifying for higher class
while not meeting the necessary criteria [19].
Eventually, the mismatch between a city socio-
economic performance and its class becomes a
common phenomenon. In many cases, cities
advancement
in classification
is
not
performance-based but driven by other motives.
Vested interest has been pointed out as one
motive affecting investment choices by local
authorities. Investigating the local budget
mechanisms, Hoang & Doan [20, p. 59]
discovered that "managing officials in big
[higher-class] cities also have higher salaries and
bonus allowance than their counterparts in
smaller [lower-class] cities" and therefore
"urban upgrading process is usually done
subjectively by officials". Similarly, The World
Bank [3, p. 224] affirmed that "the higher the
ranking, the more power cities have to issue
land-use certificates and to allocate land for and
to lease land to households and individuals".
without
development".
Meanwhile,
environment-related indicators in the CCS only
include water/waste water treatment (measured
in percentage) and provision of urban public area
(measured in m2/person); however the most
alarming environmental problems in Vietnamese
cities nowadays, such as air pollution even in
special-classed cities [22, 24] are not reflected. It
is true that the data for air quality is now being
developed publicly but they are only available
for big urban centers. This raises questions on
how urban environment issues are effectively
monitored and by whose authority. Recent
directives initiated by the Vietnamese
government, such as the introduction of National
Action Plan to streamline United Nations' 2020
Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals [25]
or the Scheme for Development of Smart
Contemporary literature above have
suggested that the CCS has created a distorted
motivations for local authorities in striving for a
higher classification - usually linked to budget
allocation and increased administrative power. It
is unclear exactly what the benefits are to local
residents from a higher city classification and via
which channels these benefits might reach them.
In addition, the issues reported in the media have
also shown issues with CCS implementation
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Sustainable Cities in Vietnam for the period
2018 - 2025 [26], shows the effort to revitalize
urban policies. These documents which
particularly emphasized principles of sustainable
urban development and people-centered
development demonstrates that the party-state
are willing to take more mindful steps forward.
Given the ambition to become an industrialized
country by 2035, Vietnam is expected to
experience continuing rapid structural shifts in
labor structure, modernization and urbanization,
so the new environment-oriented mindset is
much welcomed. But these foresights and
visions need materializing by tangible policies.
The CCS - as the contemporary backbone policy
in Vietnam urban landscape - therefore needs to
be more sophisticating to better reflect the multi-
dimensional nature of urban development
process (particularly aspects of sustainable urban
development) and longer-term vision, serious
preparation and is crucial.
most optimal and sustainable development path
according to local conditions.
One the other hand, for cities of sufficient
agglomeration size, local development problems
can be better tackled with flexibility and
efficiency. But in small cities (which is the
majority in Vietnam) budget balance is a
significant challenge. Su [27] argued that 50 out
of 63 provinces and cities in Vietnam fail to
manage their budget independently and
ultimately they are reliant on central budget
allocation. The dilemma is that cities who are
unable to be financially independent have to rely
on contemporary mechanisms of city-ranking to
obtain more funding, thus adopting the one-
dimensional,
infrastructure-led
approach
inscribed by the CCS.
4. Concluding Remarks
Due to rather limited data and information, it
is perhaps unrealistic to provide concrete policy
recommendations. However, it is logical to
indicate how the CCS can be improved
forthwith. First of all, tightening CCS
regulations/conditions, such as increasing the
minimum number of points required or the
amount of time leading to ranking submission, to
make it harder to meet classification criteria.
Second of these, the CCS is heavily top-
down policy. While it was designed to systemize
performance criteria and streamline procedures
between the central and local governments,
much of the local development context has been
taken away and replaced by quantitative
indicators. This directly questions the validity of
the CCS itself as a policy. In many developed
countries there exists no formal legal policy for
city classifying, rather it is informally done.
Ideally, this allows policies to promote growth
and urban development to prioritize local
characteristics, utilize endowments and
resources that best suit the local conditions of
each city. It is worth noting that every city has
their own characteristics in terms of population
demographics, culture, local endowments as
well as their unique developmental challenges;
even among cities of the same classification, no
two cities are identical regarding local
conditions. Thus, these local conditions should
be better realized to inform their respective
socio-economic development agendas. The CCS
has created a common 'denominator' for cities,
urban development in Vietnam is more of
'ticking the box' nature instead of choosing the
Eventually,
cities
aiming
for
higher
classification thus must prepare socially,
economically over longer period of time.
Secondly, a more comprehensive and accessible
database is needed. This is of benefits to both the
research circles and to policy-makers at all levels
to observe and monitor how cities thrive within
Vietnamese urban hierarchy.
Vietnam's
Provincial Competitiveness Index, which was
constructed through collecting and analyzing
primary data questionnaire feedbacks, proves a
solid example on how quality data can assist
policy-making. Not only does it enable the
competitiveness of a province to be objectively
measured but it also provides valuable inputs
from local business and firms. This author
proposes the addition of a more qualitative-
L.M. Son / VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2020) 81-91
87
based approach: bottom-up surveys and
questionnaires to capture how quality of urban
life is experienced by its residents.
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38–52
doi:
10.1177/0739456X05285119.
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89
Appendix A.
Urbanization in Vietnam
Urban population in Vietnam during 1990 - 2019
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Urban Rural
Source: data from Vietnam General Statistics Office website [1]
Appendix B
Vietnam Regional and Urban Administration Hierarchy
Source: adapted from World Bank [14, p. 10]
L.M. Son / VNU Journal of Science: Policy and Management Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2020) 81-91
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Appendix C
Summary of legal documents referred in this paper
Name used in paper
SEDS 2001 - 2010 [4]
Full name
Socio-Economic Development Strategy for the period 2001 - 2010
Chiến lược phát triển Kinh tế - Xã hội 2001 - 2010
Socio-Economic Development Strategy 2010 - 2020
Chiến lược phát triển Kinh tế - Xã hội 2010 - 2020
SEDS 2010 - 2020 [5]
Decree on Classification of Urban Center and Urban Management
Levels (Decree No. 72/2001/ND-CP dated 05 October 2001)
Decree on City and
Town Classification
2001 [6]
Nghị định của Chính phủ về việc phân loại đô thị và cấp quản lý đô
thị (Nghị định số 72/2001/NĐ-CP ngày 05/10/2001)
Decree on Classification of Cities (Decree No. 42/2009/ND-CP dated
07 May 2009)
Decree on City
Classification 2009 [7]
Nghị định về việc phân loại đô thị (Nghị định số 42/2009/NĐ-CP
ngày 07/05/2009)
Urban Planning Law (Law No. 30/2009/QH12 dated 29 June 2009)
Urban Planning Law [8]
Luật Quy hoạch đô thị (Luật số 30/2009/QH12 ngày 29/06/2009)
Resolution on Urban Classification (Resolution No.
1210/2016/UBTVQH13 dated 25 May 2016)
Resolution on Urban
Classification [10]
Nghị định về Phân loại đô thị (Nghị định số 1210/2016/UBTVQH13
ngày 25/05/2016)
Circular on Detailed Regulations of Decree No. 42/2009/ND-CP on
Classification of Cities (Circular No. 34/2009/TT-BXD dated 30
September 2009)
Circular on Detailed
Regulations of City
Classification [11]
Thông tư quy định chi tiết một số nội dung của Nghị định
42/2009/NĐ-CP ngày 07/05/2009 của Chính phủ về việc Phân loại
đô thị
Decision on Approving Modification of the Master Plan for
Development of Vietnam's Urban System by 2025, vision set to 2050
(Decision No. 445 dated 17 April 2009)
Master Plan for
Development of
Vietnam Urban System
by 2025, with vision set
to 2050 [12]
Quyết định về phê duyệt điều chỉnh định hướng Quy hoạch tổng thể
phát triển hệ thống đô thị Việt Nam đến năm 2025 và tầm nhìn đến
năm 2050 (Quyết định số 445 ngày 17/04/2009)
Decision on Approval of Urban Upgrading Program 2009 - 2020
(Decision No. 758/QD-TTg dated 08 June 2009)
Urban Upgrading
Program 2009 - 2020
[13]
Quyết định phê duyệt Chương trình nâng cấp đô thị quốc gia giai
đoạn từ năm 2009 đến năm 2020 (Quyết định số 758/QĐ-TTg ngày
08/06/2009)
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Decision on the Issue of National Action Plan to Implement Agenda
2030 for Sustainable Development (Decision No. 622/QD-TTg dated
10/05/2017)
National Action Plan on
Implementing Agenda
2030 for Sustainable
Development [25]
Quyết định về việc ban hành Kế hoạch hành động quốc gia thực hiện
Chương trình Nghị sự 2030 vì sự phát triển bền vững (Quyết định số
622/QĐ-TTg ngày 10/05/2017)
Decision on Approval of the Scheme for the Development of Smart
Sustainable Cities in Vietnam in the period 2018 - 2025 with vision
to 2030 (Decision No. 950/QD-TTg dated 01 August 2018)
Scheme for the
Development of Smart
Sustainable Cities in
Vietnam in the period
2018 - 2025 with vision
to 2030 [26]
Quyết định về phê duyệt đề án phát triển đô thị thông minh bền vững
Việt Nam giai đoạn 2018 - 2025 và định hướng đến năm 2030 (Quyết
định số 950/QĐ-TTg ngày 01/08/2018)
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