Preliminary assessment of the characteristics of late miocene - Quaternary intrusive and extrusive magmatism in the Tu Chinh - Vung May basin, Southeastern continental shelf of Vietnam
PETROLEUM EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION
PETROVIETNAM JOURNAL
Volume 10/2020, p. 12 - 19
ISSN 2615-9902
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
LATE MIOCENE - QUATERNARY INTRUSIVE AND EXTRUSIVE
MAGMATISM IN THE TU CHINH - VUNG MAY BASIN,
SOUTHEASTERN CONTINENTAL SHELF OF VIETNAM
Bui Huy Hoang, Le Chi Mai, Ngo Thi Van Anh
Vietnam Petroleum Institute
Emai: hoangbh@vpi.pvn.vn
Summary
Based on the seismic and well dataset provided by the Vietnam Petroleum Institute (VPI), the authors have mapped and described
the characteristics of the distribution and morphology of magmatic bodies as well as relatively dated them in the Tu Chinh - Vung May
basin and adjacent areas. To distinguish magmatic bodies from other amplitude anomalies such as gas zone or carbonate build-up/layers,
multiple criteria were used such as cross-cutting relationship, associated deformation of surrounding strata, morphology and geological
relationship between different magmatic bodies. Intrusive bodies are usually sheet-like or saucer-shaped sills that cross-cut strata and
even deform overlying strata, while extrusive bodies are usually cone-shaped vents/volcanoes or extensive lava sheets that conform to
strata. The magmatic bodies often distribute in clusters around one or more magmatic conduits. Middle Miocene and older syn-rift faults
controlled the pathway of the conduits. Magmatic bodies are more abundant closer to the East Sea spreading margin. Late Miocene -
Quaternary magmatism is widespread in the study area in particular, and in the East Sea and adjacent areas in general. These activities
took place after rifting and oceanic crust formation had ended, which is characteristic of magma-poor margins.
Key words: Intrusive, extrusive, Tu Chinh - Vung May basin, Late Miocene - Quaternary, Vietnam continental shelf.
1. Introduction
Late Miocene - Quaternary magmatism is widespread
basin (Figure 1). During the Eocene - Middle Miocene, the
study area underwent two phases of continental rifting
closely related to the seafloor spreading in the East Sea:
1) N-S extension during Eocene - Early Oligocene; and
2) NW-SE extension during the Early - Middle Miocene
[4 - 6]. The rifting process led to extreme thinning of the
continental crust around the seafloor spreading domain,
with a continent-ocean transition zone of up to hundreds
of km wide [7, 8].
over the East Sea and adjacent areas [1, 2], yet there are
not many studies on the spatial and temporal distribution
as well as the geological relationship between magmatic
bodies in the Vietnam continental shelf. This paper
presents the morphology, age, distribution pattern and
geological relationship of the Late Miocene - Quaternary
intrusives and extrusives in the Tu Chinh - Vung May basin,
southeastern continental shelf of Vietnam (Figure 1), based
on VPI’s seismic and well dataset updated until 2020.
From the Late Miocene to date, the tectonic regime
is dominated by thermal subsidence. At the same time,
basaltic magmatism occurred throughout the East Sea
as well as in South Central Vietnam [9, 10]. Magmatism
in hyper-extended crust around the East Sea oceanic
domain has been documented in the Pearl River Mouth
basin [11], Qiongdongnan basin and the Hoang Sa
basin [12], and Phu Khanh basin [4]. Magmatism is also
recognised in the oceanic domain during this time [13].
The widespread magmatism occurred after rifting and
2. Geological settings
The study area covers the majority of the Tu Chinh -
Vung May basin and the eastern part of the Nam Con Son
Date of receipt: 19/10/2020. Date of review and editing: 19 - 30/10/2020.
Date of approval: 30/10/2020.
PETROVIETNAM - JOURNAL VOL 10/2020
12
PETROVIETNAM
oceanic crust formation ended,
which is characteristic of magma-
poor margin [3, 7].
Hoang Sa islands
Hoang Sa
basin
Tri Ton
high
3. Database
To determine the spatial
distribution of different phases
of magmatism during the Late
Miocene - Quaternary, we used
an integrated dataset of seismic
and wells from the petroleum
industry, provided by VPI. The
locations of seismic and well data
are indicated in Figure 1.
Phu Khanh
basin
Cuu Long basin
Truong Sa islands
Study area
3.1. Seismic data
Truon
In the study area, more than
40,000 km of 2D seismic data with
2 km to 32 km spacing has been
interpreted. Due to differences
in acquisition dates from 1974 to
2012, the quality of the seismic
data changes depending on
the survey. However, in general,
the quality of the seismic data is
medium to good.
Magma [3]
Extrusive (this study)
Intrusive (this study)
2D seismic (VPI)
Nam Con Son basin
2D seismic (VPI)
Tu Chinh -Vung
May basin
Figure 1. Location of the study area and the seismic and well database used in the study. Post-rift magma distribution in the
East Sea outside the study area [3].
3.2. Well data
There are 18 wells used in the
study area. Most of the wells are
in the eastern part of the Nam
Con Son basin, only 3 wells are
in the Tu Chinh - Vung May basin.
Bio-stratigraphic data from these
wells are used to correlate the
Top Pliocene, Top Late Miocene
and Top Middle Miocene on
seismic data across the study
area (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Regional stratigraphic correlation using intergrated well and seismic data in the study area.
Correlation/
Well/seabed sampling
Seismic
stratigraphy/
lithology
Morphology
analysis
Seismic
Attribute
analysis
Facies analysis
stratigraphy
4. Methodology
Clastic/Carbonate/
Gas anomaly
4.1. Identifying and classifying
magmatic bodies from seismic
data
Magma
Yes
No
In addition to seismic
morphology and seismic facies
analysis, the study used multiple
Cross-cut/deform
strata?
Intrusive/conduit
Extrusive
Figure 3. The study’s workflow for identifying magmatic bodies and distinguishing them from gas anomalies and carbonates.
PETROVIETNAM - JOURNAL VOL 10/2020
13
PETROLEUM EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION
lgneous features
Geometry
Seismic
Description
Interpretation
SiIl
Amplitude anomalies with distinct
lateral extent and sharp edges
Concordant, high
amplitude reflection
Bowl-shaped
sills
Bowl-shaped, high-
amplitude reflection
A narrow bowl-shaped geometry
with a rough seismic character
SiIl
Saucer-
shaped sill
A saucer-shaped geometry with
a rough seismic character
SiIl
Saucer-shaped,high-
amplitude reflection
Vertical intrusive
Narrow, tall, upright seismic
dead zone; upturned host rock
and uplifted overburden
Stock
Consisting of irregular mounds and peaks
formed on top of basement
Top-of-basement
complex
Volcanic edifices and/
or necks
Eruption from seafloor/land and top-of-
peak
Seamount/Volcano
Vertical eruption
Figure 4. Characteristics of magmatic bodies on seismic data [3].
criteria to evaluate whether a seismic anomaly is a
magmatic body (Figure 3). The intrusive bodies can be
distinguished from gas anomalies and carbonate build-
up/layers by identifying up-domed strata above the
intrusive bodies, cross-cutting relationship, morphology
and geological relationship with other extrusive bodies if
present. Large intrusive bodies deform overlying strata by
uplifting them during emplacement, thus creating a dome
over the intrusive body, which is then onlapped by younger
sediments during burial (Figure 5). Gas anomalies and
carbonate deposits cannot deform overlying deposits in
such manner. In addition, saucer-shaped bodies also cross-
cut strata, which is completely different from gas anomalies
and carbonate deposits. Last but not least, connection
with other intrusive and extrusive bodies can put them in
an overall framework, thus increasing the interpretation
confidence.
Well-defined magmatic bodies can be further divided
into the following types based on morphology [14 - 16]
(Figure 4):
- The intrusive: can be further divided into 2 types:
+ Sills: often exhibit high seismic amplitude due to
the magmatic material having higher acoustic impedance
contrast compared to the surrounding sediments. They
usually cross-cut or are sub-parallel to country rock layer-
ing with many different shapes such as saucer shape and
sheet (Figure 4).
+ Stocks: transparent reflection, with up-dragged
surrounding strata, probably due to upward emplace-
ment of the magmatic body (Figure 4).
- The extrusive:
+ Vents/volcanoes: cone-shaped, with chaotic reflec-
tion within the bodies. Onlap of surrounding strata due
to later burial can be observed. Immediately below the
vents/volcanoes there are usually columns of transparent
seismic reflection, representing magmatic conduits from
deeper levels. Lavas are often observed around vents/vol-
canoes.
Meanwhile, the extrusive bodies can be distinguished
from gas anomalies and carbonate build-up/layers by
morphology and geological relationship with other
magmatic bodies. Cone-shaped features with inner
transparent seismic reflection are very distinct from
those of gas anomalies and carbonate platforms. They
may look like carbonate mounds/reefs, but since these
features in the study area were formed in deep-water
settings, it is unlikely. Thus, the cone-shaped features and
the surrounding high amplitude layers are interpreted as
vents/volcanoes and lava sheets.
+ Lavas: continuous and high amplitude, distributed
around vents/volcanoes. Positive polarity across the seis-
mic body indicates an increase in acoustic impedance.
They are often found in topographic lows close to vents/
volcanoes.
PETROVIETNAM - JOURNAL VOL 10/2020
14
PETROVIETNAM
+ Conduits: column of chaotic
or transparent seismic reflection, lo-
cated immediately under vents/vol-
canoes or under sills. These conduits
can be vertical or go along faults.
(a)
Up-domed strata
(b)
4.2. Dating intrusive and extrusive
bodies
Intrusive
body
Up-domed
strata
(b)
Sill
A common method to date the
absolute age of magmatic rocks is the
radiometric method. However, in the
study area, very few seafloor samples
and well samples are available,
and these wells do not penetrate
the identified shallow magmatic
bodies. Therefore, we use cross-
cutting relationship and stratigraphic
relationship to relatively date these
magmatic bodies. For extrusive
Flank faults
associated with
up-doming
Sill
1 km
Figure 5. Up-domed strata above an intrusive body due to its emplacement in the study area. The transparent zone under
the intrusive body is not vertical, but rather dip at about 70 degrees. This suggest the control of syn-rift faults on magmatic
conduit.
bodies,
the
vents/volcanoes-
lavas complex are dated as the
stratigraphic interval containing the
lavas. For intrusive bodies, they are
dated younger than the stratigraphic
interval that they intrude into.
Occasionally, the age of intrusive
bodies can be further constrained by
identifying up-domed strata above
the intrusive bodies (Figure 5).
Da Lat high
Phuc Nguyen high
Tu Chinh high
5. Characteristics of magmatism in
the study area
In the study area, a total of 16
intrusive and 14 extrusive clusters
have been identified (Figure 6). For
each magmatic cluster, more detailed
features were identified like vents/
volcanoes, lavas, sills, or conduits.
These features are closely related in
spatial arrangement:
Legend
Vents
Extrusive
Intrusive
Study area
Tectonic zone boundary
Bathymetry
-16
-1031
-2046
-3060
-4075
Drop core sample
Figure 6. Distribution map of Late Miocene-Quaternary magmatic activity in the Tu Chinh-Vung May basin and adjacent
area overlain on modern bathymetry map. The tectonic zone division is based on the Top of pre-Cenozoic basement struc-
tural map: 1) East Sea spreading-influenced domain; 2) Tu Chinh high; 3) Vung May trough; 4) Da Lat-Da Tay differentiated
high; 5) Vung May high. The magmatic distribution has a broad NE-SW trend.
- Sills often have conduits from
deeper levels (Figures 5 and 7);
- Vents/volcanoes have con-
duits connecting with shallow sills,
or from deeper levels within the pre-
Cenozoic basement;
+ Eye-shaped vents: occasionally vent complexes can exhibit this shape,
with concave down lower boundary. They have been attributed to country rock
damage and collapsed due to explosive ejection of extrusive materials [14].
- Lavas are distributed around
PETROVIETNAM - JOURNAL VOL 10/2020
15
PETROLEUM EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION
Lava sheets
distributed in
Lava sheets
distributed in
Vents
Vents
topographic low
topographic low
Late Miocene
Quaternary
-
2 km
Figure 7. A seismic section showing different types of extrusive bodies and accompanying transparent zones.
vents/volcanoes and are constrained spatially by paleo-
topography (Figure 7). Occasionally lavas are identified
without vents/volcanoes, probably because vents/volca-
noes lie between the relatively widely spaced 2D seismic
lines;
The age of these magmatic bodies ranges from Late
Miocene to Quaternary. A couple of vents/volcanoes also
extruded onto the modern seafloor.
Currently there are very few samples collected from
young volcanoes in the study area. As a result, it is very
difficult to predict their composition. Near-surface drop-
core data of these bodies indicate that they contain
vesicular basalt (Figure 9). However, there have not been
any detailed studies on the petrography, geochemistry as
well as origin of these samples.
- Conduits often follow syn-rift faults formed in the
Middle Miocene or older, or are vertical in the Late Mio-
cene - Quaternary section (Figure 8). This indicates the im-
portant role that old syn-rift faults have in controlling the
magmatic pathway.
Sills, vents/volcanoes and lavas are the most common
magmatic bodies in the study area. They are distributed
in clusters with the same conduit system. The diameter of
these clusters ranges from several km to tens of km, most
commonly under 10 km.
6. Discussion
Some prior studies have mapped magmatic bodies
at a large scale on the continental shelf of Vietnam [1].
Identification of magmatic bodies were primarily based
on seismic characteristics and cross-cutting relationships,
thus the seismic bodies are interpreted separately without
context. Our study identifies these magmatic bodies
based on multiple criteria such as seismic characteristics,
associated deformation and cross-cutting relationship,
morphology, geological settings, as well as linkage to
other magmatic bodies (Figures 7 and 8). Once the linkage
and relationship between different magmatic bodies
are identified, interpretation uncertainties for the whole
magmatic complex will be reduced.
ExtrusivebodiesarecommonintheEastSeaspreading-
influenced domain, Da Lat - Da Tay differentiated high and
the margin around the Tu Chinh high. Their areas range
from 10 to 150 km2. Their thickness changes from 30 -
170 m, however due to the limit of the seismic data there
might exist thinner extrusive bodies.
Intrusive bodies are identified in the East Sea
spreading-influenced domain, north of the Vung May
trough, part of the Vung May high and west of the Tu
Chinh high. The area of these bodies changes from 15 to
170 km2.
The morphological and distribution characteristics
of magmatic bodies in the Tu Chinh - Vung May basin
PETROVIETNAM - JOURNAL VOL 10/2020
16
PETROVIETNAM
Chaotic zone due
to intrusives
Extrusve Layers
(b)
Sills
Stratigraphic level
coeval with extrusives
Vent
(a)
(c)
1 km
(b)
(c)
Sills
Vent
Extrusve
layers
1 km
1 km
Figure 8. Magmatic bodies and their relationship in the study area. a) Overall section showing the relationship between different magmatic bodies. b) Close-up section showing the
characteristics of vents and extrusive layers. c) Close-up section showing the characteristics of intrusive bodies.
NW
SE
1 km
Vesicular texture
(a)
(b)
Figure 9. (a) Seismic section across a volcano on the seafloor with the location of the drop-core site (blue arrow). (b) Vesicular basalt sample collected from the drop-core operation.
Location of the sample is indicated on Figure 5. Source: Petrovietnam confidental report.
and adjacent areas have many things in common with
magmatic bodies in other areas of the East Sea. The
intrusive bodies are often saucer-shaped or sheet-like sills
while extrusive bodies are commonly vents/volcanoes
surrounded by lavas [3]. Occasionally, seamounts on the
seafloor can be identified with height up to several km
(Figure 9). These magmatic bodies also distribute around
conduit systems that follow syn-rift faults in deeper levels,
and travel vertically in shallower section (Figure 8), as
encountered in the Qiongdongnan and Hoang Sa basins
[12, 16]. In addition, the mapped magmatic distribution
has a broad NE-SW trend (Figure 6), which is consistent
PETROVIETNAM - JOURNAL VOL 10/2020
17
PETROLEUM EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION
with that of old syn-rift faults. These syn-rift faults formed
in response to regional extension during the Cenozoic
associated with the East Sea seafloor spreading, thus
many of them are large-scale listric faults that may control
the pathway for magmatic materials from deep crustal
level during the Miocene-Quaternary.
Magmatism is most intense and widespread in the
Late Miocene - Quaternary in the study area in particular,
and in the East Sea and adjacent areas in general.
These activities occurred after continental rifting and
seafloor-spreading had ended, which is characteristic of
magma-poor margins. Further studies focusing on the
petrography, geochemistry and origin of these magmatic
bodies are needed to clarify their roles in the metallogeny
of deep-water solid mineral resources in the East Sea.
Most of the magmatism in the study area occurred
during the Late Miocene-Quaternary. They cut across the
Middle Miocene Unconformity (MMU), which is a regional
unconformity that marks the end of regional rifting [3,
7]. This magmatic timing is consistent with widespread
post-spreading magmatism in the East Sea, including
the oceanic crust domain and the hyper-extended crust
margin [3, 17]. This post-spreading magmatism also
coincides with widespread basaltic magmatism onshore,
particularly in the South Central Vietnam [9, 10], Hainan
island and the Leizhou peninsula [17]. Therefore, this
post-spreading magmatism is widespread on a regional
scale, not only in the East Sea but also in the Indochina
continental block and adjacent areas.
References
[1] Trịnh Xuân Cường và nnk, "Thu thập, phân tích,
tổng hợp các tài liệu về khí hydrate để xác lập các dấu
hiệu, tiền đề về tiềm năng khí hydrate ở các vùng biển và
thềm lục địa Việt Nam", Viện Dầu khí Việt Nam, 2016.
[2] Lê Chi Mai và nnk, “Đặc điểm trầm tích nước sâu
tầng cấu trúc post-rift và triển vọng dầu khí của chúng
trong khu vực Nam bể Phú Khánh, Đông Nam bể Nam
Côn Sơn và bể Tư Chính - Vũng Mây”, Viện Dầu khí Việt
Nam, 2019.
7. Conclusion
[3] Xiaoxiao Song, Chun-Feng Li, Yongjian Yao,
and HeshengShie, "Magmatism in the evolution of the
South China Sea: Geophysical characterization", Marine
Geology, Vol. 394, pp. 4 - 15, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.mar-
geo.2017.07.021.
Based on the interpretation of about 40,000 km of 2D
seismic data integrated with well data provided by VPI,
the authors have identified 16 intrusive and 14 extrusive
clusters in the Tu Chinh - Vung May basin and adjacent
areas. Multiple criteria are used to identify the magmatic
bodies including seismic characteristics, cross-cutting
relationship, deformation of overlying strata, morphology
and geological relationships. The intrusive bodies are
often saucer-shaped or sheet-like sills, while the extrusive
bodies are dominantly cone-like vents/volcanoes or
sheet-like extrusive layers. The intrusive and extrusive
bodies are often distributed in clusters with one or more
common conduits. Magmatic conduits typically follow
NE-SW trending syn-rift faults that formed during the
Cenozoic basin formation and seafloor spreading in the
East Sea. This is consistent with the broad NE-SW trend
of magmatic distribution. Magmatic bodies are more
abundant near the East Sea seafloor-spreading margin.
[4] Michael B.W. Fyhn, Boldreel Lars O. Boldreel, and
Lars H. Nielsen, "Geological development of the Central
and South Vietnamese margin: Implications for the es-
tablishment of the South China Sea, Indochinese escape
tectonics and Cenozoic volcanism", Tectonophysics, Vol.
478, No. 3 - 4, pp. 184 - 214, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.tec-
to.2009.08.002.
[5] C.K. Morley, "Major unconformities/termination
of extension events and associated surfaces in the South
China Seas: Review and implications for tectonic develop-
ment", Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 120, pp. 62 - 86,
2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.01.013.
[6] VPI and PVEP-POC, Structural-tectonic model study
for Block 05-1a, 2019.
Uncertainties in interpretation can be further reduced
through integrated magnetic-seismic analysis. Further
studies should focus on detailed magnetic analysis to
refine and update the currently identified magmatic
bodies.
[7] Franke Dieter, Savva Dimitri, Pubellier Manuel,
Stephan Steuer, Benoit Mouly, Jean-Luc Auxietre, Florian
Meresse, and Nicolas Chamot-Rooke, "The final rifting
evolution in the South China Sea", Marine and Petroleum
Acknowledgement: The authors express their sincere gratitude for the support of the national research project “Studying the pre-conditions and indications for exploring solid mineral resources in the deep-
water Tu Chinh - Vung May area” (KC 09.40/16-20) during the research and completion of this work.
PETROVIETNAM - JOURNAL VOL 10/2020
18
PETROVIETNAM
Geology, Vol. 58, pp. 704 - 720, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.mar-
petgeo.2013.11.020.
nan basin), Northwestern South China Sea", Marine Geol-
ogy, Vol. 418, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.margeo.2019.106043.
[8] Savva Dimitri, Pubellier Manuel, Franke Dieter,
Nicolas Chamot-Rooke, Florian Meresse, Stephan Steuer,
and Jean-Luc Auxietre, "Different expressions of rifting on
the South China Sea margins", Marine and Petroleum Geol-
ogy, Vol. 58, pp. 579 - 598, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpet-
geo.2014.05.023.
[13] Quanshu Yan, Xuefa Shi, and Paterno R. Cas-
tillo, "The Late Mesozoi-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of
the South China Sea: A petrologic perspective", Journal
of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol. 85, pp. 178 - 201, 2019. DOI:
10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.02.005.
[14] S. Planke, T. Rasmussen, S.S. Rey, and R. Mykle-
bust, "Seismic characteristics and distribution of volca-
nic intrusions and hydrothermal vent complexes in the
Vøring and Møre basins", Petroleum Geology North-West
Europe and Global Perspective, Vol. 6, pp. 833 - 844, 2005.
DOI: 10.1144/0060833.
[9] Nguyen Hoang and Martin Flower, "Petrogenesis
of Cenozoic basalts from Vietnam: Implication for origins
of a “Diffuse igneous province”", Journal of Petrology, Vol.
39, No 3, pp. 369 - 395, 1998. DOI: 10.1093/petroj/39.3.369.
[10] Nguyễn Hoàng, Martin F.J. Flower, Cung Thượng
Chí, Phạm Tích Xuân, Hoàng Văn Quý, and Trần Thanh Sơn,
"Collision-induced basalt eruptions at Pleiku and Buon Me
Thuot, south-central Viet Nam", Journal of Geodynamics,
Vol. 69, pp. 65 - 83, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jog.2012.03.012.
[15] Qiliang Sun, Christopher A.L. Jackson, Craig Ma-
gee, Samuel J. Mitchell, and Xinong Xie1, "Extrusion dy-
namics of deepwater volcanoes revealed by 3-D seismic
data", Solid Earth, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 1269 - 1282, 2019. DOI:
10.5194/se-10-1269-2019.
[11] Fang Zhao, Tiago M. Alves, Wu Shiguo, Li Wei,
Mads Huuse, Lijun Mi, Qiliang Sun, and Benjun Ma, "Pro-
longed post-rift magmatism on highly extended crust of
divergent continental margins (Baiyun Sag, South China
Sea)", Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 445, pp. 79 -
91, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.04.001.
[16] Guoping Zuo and Guozhang Fan, "A study of
volcanic rocks identification by seismic methods in Subei
basin, Jiangsu province, China", AAPG Annual Convention
and Exhibiton, Houston, Texas, USA, 10 - 13 April 2011.
[17] Pin Yan, Hui Deng, Hailing Liu, Zhirong Zhang,
and Yukun Jiang, "The temporal and spatial distribution of
volcanism in the South China Sea region", Journal of Asian
Earth Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 647 - 659. DOI: 0.1016/j.
jseaes.2005.06.005.
[12] Lijie Wang, Zhen Sun, Jinhai Yang, Zhipeng Sun,
Jitian Zhu, Haiteng Zhuo, and Joann Stock, "Seismic char-
acteristics and evolution of post-rift igneous complexes
and hydrothermal vents in the Lingshui sag (Qiongdong-
PETROVIETNAM - JOURNAL VOL 10/2020
19
8 trang
16/04/2022
160440
Bạn đang xem tài liệu "Preliminary assessment of the characteristics of late miocene - Quaternary intrusive and extrusive magmatism in the Tu Chinh - Vung May basin, Southeastern continental shelf of Vietnam", để tải tài liệu gốc về máy hãy click vào nút Download ở trên
File đính kèm:
- preliminary_assessment_of_the_characteristics_of_late_miocen.pdf
