The cultural capital of the indigo-dyed textiles community of Phu Tai ethnic group for the development of creative tourism communities
No.19_Dec 2020|Số 19 – Tháng 12 năm 2020|p.108-120
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC ĐẠI HỌC TÂN TRÀO
ISSN: 2354 - 1431
THE CULTURAL CAPITAL OF THE INDIGO-DYED TEXTILES
COMMUNITY OF PHU TAI ETHNIC GROUP FOR THE DEVELOPMENT
OF CREATIVE TOURISM COMMUNITIES
Nilobol Phuraya1, Pokkasina Chathiphot1*,
Pannawadee Srikhao1, Yanika Saensuriwong1, Kanyarat Masaengsom1
1Thai Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat Universitym, Sakon Nakhon province, Thailand.
* Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Article info
This article aims to study the cultural capital of the indigo dyeing community
of Ban Nong Khrong, Don Kloy, Kham Kha and Oun Dong, Phannanikhom
District, Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand. This is developed as a creative
cultural tourism village, obtained from the collected cultural capital data,
consisting of the social and cultural context of the indigo dyeing cloth
community through participation observation, in-depth interviews, group
discussions and experimentation with the key informants in order to find out
the ways for developing into a cultural community for sustainable tourism. The
study found that there was cultural capital in this community, characterized by
indigo dyed cotton weaving, which is a factor that affects the income of people
in the community. Most of the inhabitants in Ban Nong Khrong, Don Kloy,
Kham Kha and Oun Dong inherited this indigo cloth weaving and dying
wisdom from their ancestors. The study also attempts to create more value by
adding cultural capital and wisdom of Phu Tai ethnic identity and indigo dyed
textiles as a representation of cultural tourism community, by using the
community presentation model with creative tourism activities such as dyeing,
weaving and local cooking. These activities create a shared experience for
tourist’s participatory learning about the cultural capital and wisdom of the Phu
Tai community.
Recieved:
21/8/2020
Accepted:
10/12/2020
Keywords:
Cultural capital of the
community, cultural
tourism community,
creative tourism, indigo
dyeing textiles of the Phu
Tai people.
Introduction
From social context data of Phanna Nikhom
District Sakon Nakhon, it can be found that the
ancestors of the people here are Laotian people,
who migrated across the Mekong River from Laos
and most are Phu Thai ethnic groups since the past.
These ethnic groups living in Phanna Nikhom
district have also been evacuated many times.
Therefore, there are diverse types of ethnic group’s
orginating from diverse geographical location,
living together along with the native Thai people in
the village. For this reason, Phanna Nikhom district
has quite a uniquebiodiversity. The climatic
condition of the region is suitable to grow a variety
of plants for the variety of people living in the
region, whose main occupation are mostly engaged
in agriculture, growing rice and other crops along
with indigo plantation to make indigo dyeing.
Indigo dying is a profession and wisdom inherited
from their ancestors that can generate a lot of
income for people in the community today. There
are also important historical sites and artifacts that
are well-known to the general public. This makes
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Phanna Nikhom district become a center of various
regularly until it became known to the general
public that Sakon Nakhon is a city of dharma.
tourism activities and therefore, it is important to
provide and share information for promoting and
managing creative tourism of the region as well.
3) Ethnic groups
Sakon Nakhon Province has many ethnic
groups. Since it is an area that is rich in ancient
civilization known as "Sakon Nakhon basin" in the
past, there are many people from different ethnic
background groups, especially people from the land
of Laos who has migrated to settle in this area for
generations. This made the travelers to describe the
people of Sakon Nakhon as: "The people of Sakun
use the water from the big basin consisting of the
people of Laos, Phu Tai and Anam, who grow rice
as their main occupation. The villagers can also
produce salt by washing the salted soil in a normal
way. They sell pets to Siamese merchants which is
sold to Bangkok". According to Somdej Krom
Phraya Damrong Rajanupab (2016: 284), different
people while visiting inspect Udon Thani and Isan
Provinces by mentioning various classes of people
meetings and the Department of Political Affairs
brought in to meet as follows: "The citizens of
Udon and Northeastern counties that I met were
Thai Lan Chang mostly. But there are still other
people that are different from Thai Lan Chang and
have other names [2].
From this study, it is found that all 4 villages,
such as Ban Nong Khrong, Ban Don Kloy, Ban
Kham Kha and Ban Oun Dong, have diverse
cultural capital because the people who live in this
region have a long history with a continuous
acculturation and assimilation of culture till the
present. These assimilated cultures comprise local
knowledge, beliefs and characteristics of ethnic
groups living in that area. Therefore, the study can
be divided into 3 issues as described below:
1) Indigo dyed fabric
Indigo dyeing is considered an important
cultural capital because it is the result due to the
transmission of wisdom from ancestors, which
creates value and provides source of income for the
community from producing indigo dyed fabrics
products associated with the valuable wisdom of
the village. These made the indigo dyeing
community to be attractive, interesting and
touching. When indigo dyeing has become well-
known and popular with outsiders, Indigo dyeing
community has become an important tourist
destination of Sakon Nakhon province, especially
tourists who are interested in eco-tourism, cultural
and sustainable tourism in close association with
nature and the way of life of folk people and their
local culture. This gradually leads to the expansion
of indigo dying occupation among the indigo dying
community living in the region. For this research,
Many other species I tried to ask to see that
there were 8 different species, namely Thais,
Kaleong, Yo, Saek, Yoy, Tak, and So. Similarly,
Theerasawat (2014 : 188) said that about one-third
of the population were migrants from the left bank
of the Mekong River, namely Suwannakhet, Kham
Muan, Borikhamsai, Chiang Khwang, Hua Phan
(Sam Nuea) and Vientiane to settle around Phu
Phan mountains. One of the reasons which made
the Thai government to allow these migrants to
settle in the Siam area is because Anuwong who is
the king of the Vientiane Kingdom refused to be
under Thai influence. This is to prevent Vientiane
from returning back to their kingdom again by
providing them land to settle around Phu Phan and
the central region, which made the Thai state easier
to control from neighbouring aggression [3]. To the
left side of Thailand is Laos and Tai Phuan is Yo,
Saek, So as Kha, and Phu Tai person, so it can be
said that Sakon Nakhon basin is an area of mixed
culture and people. It is also found from interviews
with the monks of each village that the ethnic
groups that live in each village are different, both in
terms of history of migration from different
settlements including language culture and
traditions that are unique to each ethnic group.
the researcher selected
4
indigo dyeing
communities, which are the communities that have
the potential of producing of indigo dyeing
products and the capabilities to expose the wisdom
to the tourists who visit the places.
2) Temples and religious sites
Sakon Nakhon people have a particular way of
life and belief that is associated with Buddhism for
a long time. As can be seen in Sakon Nakhon
Province, there are many famous monks such as
Reverend Grandfather Mun Phurithat, Reverend
Grandfather Fan Ajajaro, Reverend Grandfather
Louie Chantasaro, and Reverend Grandfather Sim
Putthajaro. These monks are famous practitioners
with a reputation for goodness and merit-making,
resulting in the creation of temples as well as being
a teacher of many famous monks in Thailand and
most importantly, these monks are the anchor of the
villagers. As a result, till date, the villagers still
give importance to the maintenance of religion,
usually visit the temple to make merit and listen to
the sermon of the monk in unison everyday on
important days or on Buddhist day. Even the
younger generation or children still believe that
they should go to make merit at the temple
In addition, cultural capital comprising of the
wisdom of indigo dyeing community living in the
village can be developed to economic value as the
culture and traditions of the ethnic groups in all 4
villages have their own distinct identity according
to their groups, religion, language and traditions.
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These distinctive characteristics are worthy of
dyeing fabric manufacturers, indigo dyeing fabric
processors and other sales groups. In addition,
villagers and community leaders were also
interviewed about the social and cultural contexts
of their community with a particular focus on Phu
Tai people whose main occupation is mostly
weaving and indigo dying. This research has a
scope that focuses on the study to develop a model
of creative tourism routes from biodiversity and
cultural capital based on the local wisdom of indigo
dyeing communities. Which have 3 outstanding
cultural capital of indigo dyeing community,
including indigo dyeing cloth, religious place and
archaeological site and ethnic groups. Therefore,
the scope of the study aims to analyze these 3
cultural capitals in order to develop the creative
tourism model.
conservation and transfer by showing and sharing
with outsiders about the local people culture,
tradition and values which can be developed by
promoting sustainable tourism facilities in the
region which in turn will provide jobs, thus help to
empower the community towards sustainable
economic development. With this stated
importance, researcher aims to discuss the steps for
bringing development in the region along with the
patterns and tourism routes of communities in this
research area.
Research objectives
The aims of the study is 1) to develop an
appropriate format for the creative tourism route
based on biodiversity and cultural capital of the
local wisdom of indigo dyeing community of
Phanna Nikhom district, Sakon Nakon province,
Thailand.
Conceptual Framework
This research has the following conceptual
framework:
Research Scope
This research attempts to explain cultural capital
of indigo dyeing community comprising of
knowledge about indigo dyeing. The data is
obtained from in-depth interviewing of indigo
Master Plan for Creative
Tourism of the Community
Social context
(Implementation plan)
Evaluation
Community
Biodiversity
Cultural Capital
1
3
4
5
2
KI
Process
Policy
In-depth
interview
Participation
observation
Group
discussion
PAR
PAR
focus
Creative
Tourism
Model
Creative Economy
Cultural Products
Increasing
Knowledge
training
study
PAR
Creative Tourism
Pattern
workshop
Conceptual
model
Core Team
Process
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especially the data from the interviews and iii)
Methodology
audiovisual camera was used to record slide and
motion pictures and tape recorder was also used to
keep the data in general.
This research is a qualitative research with a
particular focus on collecting field data about
indigo dyeing in relation to the social and cultural
context of ethnic Phu Tai living in Sakon Nakhon
province of Thailand. In other words, it is a form of
participatory action research targeted in the process
of indigo dyed cloth that is developed as a creative
cultural tourism village. The analysis of this
research is done by using creative tourism
conceptual framework obtained from the
interdisciplinary data.
Research Results and Discussion
This research results are as follows
Research Results
The preliminary study is to understand the
social and cultural context of indigo dyed weaving
community of Phanna Nikhom district in all 4
communities in order to show the important context
that leads to the development of the path of creative
tourism which has the content and details as
follows:
The field research was conducted through
interviews and participant observation in order to
understand the social phenomena worldwide and
behavior of villagers who inherited the tradition and
ritual related with their life and society. It also
focused on the cultural capital of the indigo dyed
textiles community of Phu Tai Ethnic group for the
development of creative tourism communities.
1. Phu Tai Community: Context study and local
wisdom
Ban Don Kloy
Indigo Dye weaving group was established on
September 3, 2003 with Mrs. Tawin Upari as the
current group president. Ban Don Kloy weaving
group originated from the idea of a group of people
in the village. That is, Mrs. Tawin and other
housewives who want to increase income for
families and communities. After these groups went
to work on weaving, various places saw the market
direction of indigo dyeing as having a relatively
high price. It later on brings awareness to the
general public both inside and outside the province,
who became more and more interested in weaving
jobs and started to sell weaving products by oneself
until the group was founded.
The researcher collected the data from from the
following areas, focusing on the field study at the
study area in the villages where the communities of
Phanna Nikhom district, Sakon Nakhon produced
the indigo dyed cloth: Ban Nong Khrong, Ban Don
Kloy, Ban Kham Kha, Ban Oundong. To conduct
the participant and non-participants observation,
informal interviews with key informants were
made. The researcher used the following techniques
and tools: 1) Observation: The researcher used the
participant observation to observe the cultural area,
people's lifestyle in the community such as the
indigo dyeing, weaving, indigo management,
participant observation by group discussion in the
community with people who made indigo dyed
cloth.2) Interview: The interview was conducted by
dividing the key informants into 3 groups as
follows: 1) village headman, vice village headman
2) women's group head, the head of village funds
who focused on indigo dyed cloth and 3) officer of
provincial community development, officer of
district community development, provincial culture
and stake holder with a focus on the promotion of
indigo dyed into a cultural product of the province.
3) Instruments: The instruments in this research
consisted of the following: i) interview schedule
was the main tool used to collect the data by having
informal individual interviews. ii) note was used to
record at fieldwork by job reviewing in each day
The initial stage of the group was supported by
district development officers, who helped in
supporting equipment for weaving. Subsequently,
Sakon Nakhon Province Commerce Department
supported the registration of the group. After that, a
group of agencies, both the public and private
sectors, continue to support the Ban Don Kloy
indigo dyeing group. Gradually, it expanded to
educational institutions within the province, local
government organization and many agencies from
Sakon Nakhon province. There is a training to give
knowledge in group management product
development and to provide support in obtaining
various weaving devices
In the past, weavers wove cotton fabrics and
therefore cotton trees were planted in their family
farm. But nowadays, it is replaced by fibers
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obtained from self-cultivation and from factories as
Preeyanee Thakon-ngam and the group's main
supervisor is Mrs. Wikul Phromhakula. This group
is established in 1992 by a group of middle-aged
women in a village together in order to find ways to
create income for families and communities. The
other objective is to revive the indigo dying
wisdom of their ancestors. Mrs. Pon Khotphrom is
the person who initiated and propagated the
villagers to join the indigo dyeing group of the
villagers. Subsequently, the Nong Khrong indigo
dyed indigo group was established in 2004, where
members of Ban Nong Khrong indigo dyed fabric
group have participated in various government
training sessions to develop products that are
suitable for the needs of buyers and to make the
continuous development of the group operations.
Till date, the group has about 40 members.
there is lack of time for the weavers to grow and
take care of the cotton trees as the weavers has to
produce a lot of indigo dyeing fabric. Sometime,
they use naturally produced cotton from their
family farms while others use white and brown
cotton or puffy cotton obtained from sources such
as Ban Tham Tao, Akat Amnuai District and Kut
Bak District Sakon Nakon.
According to Pannawadee Srikhao (2017) the
weaving group conducted research on cultural
characteristics and the social and economic value of
indigo dyeing in Phanna Nikhom district in Sakon
Nakhon and found that most of the patterns of Ban
Don Kloy fabric have ancient patterns in
association with nature. Some of the popular
designs consist of patterns as: Mee Tao Noi (a little
turtle), Ratchawat, Flow water, Rain, Fish, Puffed
and glass flower etc. These are patterns copied from
the nature and surrounding environment or objects
that are used in everyday life, such as the swallows
which is the original pattern of the village of Don
Kloy. The pattern consisted of portraits, key,
flower, fingernail, sand stupa, vase, small spider,
etc [1].
There are two types of indigo plant grown in the
community: straight indigo and bent indigo. The
weavers keep seeds in the refrigerator before indigo
seeds are planted so that indigo seeds are ready to
be planted in the soil by planting indigo together
before the rainy season probably around the
beginning of May by plowing the soil, lifting the
groove into the hole, dropping the indigo seeds,
adding manure or may use chemical fertilizer but if
the quality of chemical fertilizer is inferior to the
manure, then it is to be taken care of my watering
regularly till it is harvest the indigo. At Ban Nong
Khrong, weavers have to follow certain techniques
for harvesting indigo. Only the indigo pods should
be harvested by leaving the trunks to regenerate
new plant or leaves. The harvested part is then used
to make indigo water. As for the indigo pods, only
the leaves are collected from the bottom of the
trunk to the top.
Currently, the group has about 50 members,
from middle age to senior citizens. The work
system is quite strict. That is, the attendance time is
between 8:00 am - 5:00 pm, income is calculated
according to the actual work time on a daily basis,
normal rate is 300 baht per day. There are meetings
on every 30th or 31st of the month to report the
summary of the work done during the month. The
group’s performance and dividends are distributed
to members. In addition, knowledge is transferred
to the children in the community through education
in order to promote and motivate the young learners
the socio-economic value of indigo dyeing cloth of
the village. In addition, the community is also open
as a homestay to learn about Ban Don Kloy indigo
lifestyle, thus leading the group to have more
networks both inside and outside the country. This
made the weaving groups to have various
departments both inside and outside.
The weaving group of Ban Nong Khrong begins
with grouping together to exchange knowledge of
indigo dyeing process with other members. The
group has divided the duties together including
mudmee, cotton spinning, coordination and
distribution. There are contacts with people outside
the group to create a network for cotton production.
There is also a network to distribute products both
within the province, country and abroad and this
result to diverse group of customers comprising of
those who come in contact with the group directly
and those who came to buy at various trade shows
and who are entrepreneurs in the province and retail
Ban Nong Khrong
This indigo dyed weaving group is located at
Nong Khrong village, Choeng Chum Subdistrict,
Phanna Nikhom District, Sakon Nakhon Province.
The current chairman of the group is Mrs.
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shops in Bangkok, Nakhon Phanom, Udon Thani or
dyeing cloth, Nang Phira is popularly known as a
teacher. She organizes academic group processing
group and entrepreneur group to learn many
methods of making indigo dyeing. There are also a
group of observers, both thai and foreigners who
receive information via online social studies and
who have the interest to learn indigo dyeing.
Foreign students from the United States and Japan
came to learn indigo dyeing especially mud
staining, and to practice dyeing cloth.
customers in nearby provinces and also have
customers who are entrepreneurs from foreign
countries such as Laos, Holland and Japan. When
considered a harmonious group there is cooperation
among people in the community. There are
products that are natural. They can make outsiders,
including academic groups, community leaders, and
various departments, interested in learning study
trips and use as a community classroom for
students. The community is also ready for
tourists’entrepreneur group and designers to join
the community in order to develop and create
economic value.
Ban Oundong
Ban Oundong group has many indigo plants that
are cultivated for using within the group. There are
varieties of indigo pods in the village, but the group
prefer to grow and use straight indigo pods because
it is easy to harvest and is a traditional breed indigo
pod, which is a species that has a strong smell and
requires a lot of water. The geographical location of
Ban Oundong is ideal for growing indigo pod along
the flat hillside there is a water source not far from
the community. In addition, it has abundant rainfall
and this climatic condition is optimum for indigo
tree to grow well. So, many house in Ban Oundong
has indigo plantation. At the same time, Ban
Oundong, is a wholeseller of indigo in Bangkok as
there is lots of demand of indigo products from the
village and the group design and produce the
products according to the market demand. The
formation of the indigo pot of Ban Oundong
weaving group is special, from the process of
preparing lye to mixing the components in the
indigo pot, that is to say, the lye must be prepared
by using the ashes obtained from burning of the
front part of banana rhizome, papaya tree,
chamchuri, spinach, cassia, and kapok bark. The
ashes are put in a hole-punching container at the
bottom and it is the covered with coconut fiber,
kapok or sponge, then water is added to filter out
the drip through this container. After that, it is then
mixed with lye, indigo, ime, boiled rice sauce
water, leaves, sugar, tamarind etc. When the indigo
water has a greenish-yellowish color in air with
appearance of a small blue bubble on the surface of
the water, it is assumed that the indigo water is
ready for dyeing.
Ban Kham Kha
This Indigo dye weaving group is located at Ban
Kham Kha, Phanna Nikhom District in Sakon
Nakhon Province with Mrs. Pira Prasertkantong as
group president. This weaving group was
established in the beginning of 1994, with Nang
Phira being persuaded by Mae Thita (who is the
first to revived indigo in the community) and khun
Jiw (Praphaiphan Daengjai) in Ban Na Dee to come
together to revive and make indigo dyes. later, Mrs.
Pira took a serious step in establishing the weaving
group. She was registered until receiving the
selection of 5 -star OTOP products, but the Ban
Kham Kha weaving group still is affiliated to Mae
Thita group till date. Initially, the group has 20
members, most of whom were descendants of
villagers working in Bangkok and returned to help
each other in the group. Currently, there are about
4 0 members. In addition, the group also has
methods to transfer the wisdom to the children to
teach the new generation (primary and secondary
level students) the art of knitting hats, bags, purse
and so on. This will help the young generation the
importance of traditional wisdom and profession.
Ban Kham Kha weaving group has participated
in various projects that are to develop and upgrade
the weaving fabric, both G (Green Production)
project, which guarantees products from
environmentally friendly production processes.
They are joining the international arts and crafts
center for providing education and training to those
who participate in this project. The G (Green
Production) project selected mechanical teachers of
Ban Kham Kha and Ban Na Dee Group, to receive
the G logo. Nowadays, in the industry of indigo
The group blended ancient patterns and basic
patterns inspired by the nature around them, such as
turtle scales, klet lan patterns, and mudmee
patterns, Klet Tao and Klet Lan scales (Varanus
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Bengali skin) for indigo dyeing products. Ban
community And the research area has been selected
as OTOP Innovative Tourism Community,
consisting of 2 communities, Ban Nong Khrong
and Ban Kham Kha, with aims to use community
tourism management as a guideline to analyze the
forms of community tourism.
Oundong has a distinctive feature of cotton hand
pushing both for rushing and standing and used
diverse dyes. The most striking is light blue and
fresh blue from natural indigo. The fabric produced
are cloth, scarf, shawl, sarong, sarong, bag, cell
phone case, knit hat and hair band, etc. The
bestselling products are rugs or meter cloth since
the group's woven fabrics use small fibers.
The researcher uses the tourism route model
based on the concept of OTOP tourism community
as a substitute for describing the tourism route
model in two research areas, Ban Nong Khrong and
Ban Kham Kha and found that both communities
have similar forms of tourism routes, that is to say,
take the strengths of their own communities as a
selling point for tourist attractions such as Lak Chai
Jai Ban temple ancient houses, rice coops, a unique
way of life by combining the distinctive
characteristics of the community with the styles of
lifestyle and food including indigo dyeing weaving
culture. The details are given as follows:
2. A variety of tourism routes in Sakon Nakhon
Province
From the obtained context study data, the
researchers found that each community has distinct
points of tourist attraction with different features of
geographical location. Some villages included in
the study have a variety of natural resources with
variety of wisdom and culture. Some villages have
limitation for opening as a tourist route. However,
There are there are external factors that help to
support and promote the ability to develop tourism
routes, for example, driven by the sub-district
administration organization and government
agencies, the village is pushed up as an f
outstanding cultural capital development model.
Therefore, in this topic, the researcher present the
tourism route model by dividing into 2 types as: the
tourism route model at the community level and the
tourism route pattern at the district level.
Ban Kham Kha presents tourism forms,
focusing on communities, cultures, and religious
landmarks. Important landmarks in the village
includes Lak Chai Jai Ban, Si Chomphu Temple,
Tham Kham Temple and Ajaro Rangsri Temple
which is combined with learning the way of life of
the villagers including weaving, indigo dyeing,
food, dance etc.
The study found that there are 3 tourism
patterns in the indigo dyeing community who
consisted of 1 ) The OTOP innovations pattern 2 )
Very Local Trip pattern and 3) The Sakon Nakhon
Bio Tourism pattern
When talking of the tourism route model, it is
based on the concept of OTOP tourism community,
with priority on the first issue that is innovation and
giving importance to the community. The lifestyle
of the community people is closely associated with
Lak Chai Jai Ban temple and activities reflect the
way of living, thinking in agricultural societies that
rely on farming systems based on rainwater,
knowledge and deep understanding of nature in the
field of rice production. For example, rice is
harvested in good season with merit making
tradition in every new month, for 3 nights, where
villagers will bring rice to make merit at the temple.
What they brought to the temple is also presented in
the community tourist routes. This inevitably
present pictures of the type of houses of the
farmers. The temple is an important place for
people in the community to interact with each other
and resulting in social unification of the farmer
community. Lak Chai Ban is also used as a part of
the tourism route in the community because the
2.1 The OTOP innovations pattern.
From the secondary data of the Department of
Community Development Ministry of the Interior
August 15, 2019), it is found that OTOP Tourism
Community Project has been implemented with
innovation and focuses on selling community
products from tourism activities. This will help to
transmit local culture, wisdom, way of life, and
creativity to be converted into income by linking
attractive tourism routes in the community income
can be generated among the population living in the
community to raise the economic status abd
development of the community. The said project
has been created as a form of tourism because it
gives lot of development economically to the
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community has other beliefs other than Buddhism,
2.2 The Very Local Trip pattern
especially belief in supernatural power and Lak
Chai Jai Ban is part of this belief. Learning or
getting to know Lak Chai Jai Ban is like creating
participation and creating unity among outsiders.
This route based on the Very Local Trip
emphasizes a deep tourism activity in communities
run by Thai and foreigners which focuses on
foreign tourists to come to learn and experience the
lifestyle of the community by focusing on indigo
dyeing cloth communities in Sakon Nakhon
Province. There are 2 communities as: Ban Nong
Khrong and Ban Don Kloy. From the study, it is
found that the tourism activities offered to foreign
tourists give importance to the culture of the
community, especially woven fabrics. It is different
from the first format mentioned above by using the
local community as a base for organizing tourism
forms and blending them with other cultural
traditions, such as provincial tourist sites, markets,
and important religious places in the province and
there is a workshop for foreign tourists to enhance
important learning experiences.
The last issue is the art and culture of the
community which is presented in the form of a path
that adheres to the concept of OTOP tourism
communities in 2 ways which are 1 ) local dance
and 2 ) baisri sukhwan both of which have been
inherited from the project organization. To create
the attraction of tourists they are also performing
arts that are meaningful and important to the
community. That is, dance performing art. The thai
baisri sukhwan dance is an effective group of
people in the community. Because such activities
require cooperation from many groups of people
and also present the art of dressing in their original
indigenous groups. Therefore, art and culture are
important factors that must be taken priorities in
tourism.
Community’s tourism forms in both research
areas were presented in indigo dyeing community
in order to provide the opportunity to foreign
tourists to visit and appreciate the value of life,
culture and arts of the community, including local
knowledge related to indigo dyeing. However, the
said activity does not give tourists the opportunity
to practice or learn very deeply internally. They get
only the opportunity to see and observe. The
common feeling and depth of the indigo dyeing
culture opened for tourists is just a picture of the
differences of the two communities, that is, first
community produced fabric for sale while from the
other community can see the second form of
tourism presenting via the following chart.
From the above, it can be concluded that the
pattern of the route is based on the concept of
OTOP tourism community. The innovations of Ban
Nong Khrong and Ban Kham Kha communities
have similar forms, namely, presenting 3 important
points, namely, important places of the community,
distinctive identity of the community and the arts
and culture of the community. The 3 points can be
considered as base for learning and leading to the
distribution of income to the people in the
community. It is to strengthen and develop local
economy of the community.
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Pokkasina Chathiphot et al/ No.19_Sep 2020|p.108-120
From the above chart, it can be explained
Indications (GI). These community products are
like community certifications that indicate the
quality and source of identification. Geography that
tells the story of the origin and origin of the
product. This provides tourists to see the production
of GI products linked to various tourist attractions
in Sakon Nakhon Province including important
religious places in the province, natural attractions
and ancient village’s alongwith a visit to view and
buy GI products in Sakon Nakhon Province. There
are many outlets of GI products as the Cooperative
Phon Yang Kham source of beef production, Ban
Champa Hom Thong Rice Enterprise Community
Group, Mak Mao Wannawong garden. These are
the source of cultivating Mak Mao and Mak Mao
juice and there are 2 indigo dyeing communities in
Sakon Nakhon Province, which are Ban Oundong
and Ban Kut Had which is also included as a
research area.
that the format of Very Local Trip tourism places
importance on places of tourist attractions in the
province such as Nong Han, Tha Rae community,
Prasat Khom, and morning market. In these area,
the community tourist routes are constructed and
focus on indigo dyed fabrics and local food
presentation which does not give much importance
to different areas of the community since most
tourists are foreigners. Therefore, the current
research attempts to present a comprehensive
overview of the various provinces since the
introduction of Nong Han Lake which is a large
water resource and is used as an important water
source for livelihood of the people of Sakon
Nakhon province. In addition, there is the Rae
Community, which is the largest Catholic
Community in the country. This provides a chance
to the foreigners to have different experience in
different community to observe the culture and
lifestyle of the people living there. The local
market is a collection of people's lifestyles and
cultures and it attracts lots of tourist. In addition,
Khmer castle in Prasart Khom is also presented as a
place of Brahmana - Hindu beliefs, blending of
important civilizations that have appeared in this
region since ancient times. It reinforces that this
tourist route focuses on the main attraction and then
connect to tourist attractions at the community
level, especially the indigo dyeing community,
which is the research area, Ban Nong Khrong and
Ban Don Kloy both communities are merely
representations of indigo dyeing weaving culture.
But not used as a base for learning, it is only used
as a base for creating impressions and satisfaction.
This form of community tourism selects
research area at Ban Oundong village which is
presented in the form of indigo dyeing community.
Which gives an opportunity for tourists to learn
about the biological resources of indigo, which are
cultivated on the plains of the Phu Phan Mountains
the indigo plantation in this area has the
characteristics of indigo which is an important
product. Although there are 2 species of indigo, but
in the coloring process, it is found that there are
differences and the production of indigo water for
dyeing fabrics, then the community uses cotton
fibers as an important component, resulting in good
quality indigo products. In addition, the tourism
route model also focuses on visiting the indigo
garden, which is an important economic crop of the
community. There are also demonstrations of
indigo fermentation, indigo juice and indigo dyeing
pots. In which all tourists will have a learning
process through listening and watching is
important. But the action may not be fully
implemented because the duration of the journey
into the community takes quite a long time and
indigo harvesting was done in the early morning
there will be some, just practice dyeing and buying
the products of the group only in order to make it
more clear to see the image of this second form of
tourism presenting via the following chart.
2.3 The Sakon Nakhon Bio Tourism pattern
The format of the Sakon Nakhon Bio Tourism
route is
a
tourism activity that combines
agricultural tourism with life learning which is
operated by the Office of Economic Development
(Public Organization) or BEDO in collaboration
with Maejo University and Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat
University which focuses on allowing tourists to
learn about the biological resources and local
wisdom including the development of community
products or cultural products in Sakon Nakhon
Province that has been registered as a Geographical
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Pokkasina Chathiphot et al/ No.19_Sep 2020|p.108-120
From the above chart, it can be explained that
can be developed as a form of creative tourism for
these communities comes from 1) the diversity of
natural resources and the diversity of wisdom and
culture. (Emphasizing the importance of indigo
dyeing wisdom) 2) religious sites and temples 3)
ethnic groups When the cultural capital of the
community in the research area is assembled and
analyze the problems that occurred from previous
tourism management then take it to determine and
draw conclusions from people in the area to get a
creative tourism management model, whereby the 4
research communities are combined each
community has different forms of tourism
management. No duplication despite having similar
cultural capital therefore creating a form of creative
tourism which will be discussed in the following
details
the Sakon Nakhon Bio Tourism route model has
focused on the learning process of the prototype
community in terms of products that are registered
as geographical indications and jointly create ways
to learn about biological resources and local
wisdom Which is used to create an economic value
added but stands on the base of the community and
local wisdom in each area especially indigo-dyed
cotton fabric of Ban Un-Dong community. Which
is considered to be the first GI standard in Sakon
Nakhon Province. It becomes an important
community product and cultural product that can
generate income for the people in the community
and helps to clearly improve the community
economy.
3. The development of a suitable creative
tourism route model from the base of biodiversity
and cultural capital based on the local wisdom of
indigo dyeing
The researchers used 3 types of cultural capital
to classify points of interest and places. Interesting
that is on the path of tourism forms, the first issue is
about indigo dyed fabrics. By considering the
characteristics of the 4 indigo dyeing communities,
before using them to define the characteristics of
the creative tourism styles differently from the
study found that Ban Oundong community has the
distinctive characteristics of indigo planting which
is planted the area is over 20 rai wide and indigo
cultivation is a flat area between the valleys of the
Phu Phan mountain range. The plantation is in the
form of a group of indigo growers, Ban Oundong-
Nong Chaiwan. The period of planting from May
until August will enter the indigo harvest season.
From the context study in the research area
together with the analysis of the tourism route
pattern that has been done in Sakon Nakhon
Province. It made the researchers see that each form
of tourism and each community has some strengths
and limitations that make the travel path format
different. According to studies, it has been found
that these strengths and limitations come from
geographic conditions. Community readiness and
people, which are important factors for driving
tourism. However, the researcher found that what
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Pokkasina Chathiphot et al/ No.19_Sep 2020|p.108-120
Therefore consider that during the month of August
group to revive the knowledge of indigo dyeing
cloth to come back to life again and is a group that
has inherited systematically creating that wisdom
from one generation to another. Phu Tai people
have a weaving culture that is closely tied to the
system of relations of the family. There is a wide
transfer of knowledge. In a contextual study, it was
found that the Thai people of Ban Oundong have a
close relationship with the Phu Tai people, Ban
Kham Kha, Ban Nong Phai, Ban Non Ruea, Ban
Tor Ruea, and Phu Tai people in Phanna Nikhom
district. It is a group of people who migrated from
Laos during the reign of King Rama III and were a
group that came from Mueang Wang, Mueang Pin,
Mueang Nong especially the Mueang Wang group
that came to settle in Phanna Nikhom district and
were scattered to settle in various areas making
Phanna Nikhom District as one of the provinces in
Sakon Nakhon Province that has a large number of
Phu Tai people. In addition to getting to know more
of the Phu Tai ethnic group, the research focuses to
learn about other ways of life, culture of the Phu
Tai people as well, such as the dress, food and
language of the Phu Tai people as well.
onwards is the season of tourism in Ban Oundong
community and tourists will be able to study and
learn about indigo, a kind of natural color plant that
has an influence on communities in terms of
intellectual, cultural and economic value. It is a
learning of important biological resources in the
area of the community that can be applied to create
a creative economy. Ban Kham Kha Community
there are characteristics of knowledge related to the
pot forming process. Preparing the dye who is
complex process and has a unique style. It requires
skills and experience in order to make the dye
preparation effective and able to dye indigo with
beautiful colors and including keeping the indigo
pot to endure. The researcher has applied the
knowledge of wisdom teachers as a guideline in
determining the creative tourism model of Ban
Kham Kha community.
The second point is Religious places and
temples linked to the form of tourism routes the
researcher selects temples or religious sites that are
located in the path of the community. The research
area can be developed in conjunction with the
creative tourism route. By establishing that it is an
important point for tourists to study and learn about
the history and autobiography of monks, professors
and important people in relation to the temple or
religious place resulting in temples or religious
places appears on the tourist route, including Narai
Jengweng Castle, Phra That Choeng Chum Stupa,
Sutthawat Temple, Phurithat Thirawat Temple,
Udom Somphon Temple and Santi Sangkharam
temple which the form of tourism routes that have
included the temples and religious sites of the city
and Phanna Nikhom comprehensive and also
composing a biography of the important monk of
Sakon Nakhon Province, such as Luang Pu Man
Phuritatthera, Luang Pu Fan Ajaro and Luang Pu
Sim Phutthajaro, in which the religious matter will
try present an overview of the practices and the
simplicity of the life of the vipassana including
temples that are the destination for those who want
tranquility and religious learning resources.
Discussion
The title of the research "The Development of
Creative Tourism Route Model from biodiversity
and cultural capital based on the local wisdom of
indigo dyeing community Sakon Nakhon" a new
tourism approach that focuses on increasing
experience and knowledge based on the concepts
adopted from previous research (Wurzburger et al.,
2009). This creative tourism concept focuses on
developing and creating a network of creative cities
and the knowledge promoting forum and
understanding of culture and identity of each
community through experience. This research
suggests that the strengths of the culture and
cultural identity of the community are used to
create new experiences for tourists. It highlights the
distinctive identity of the indigo dyeing community
of Sakon Nakhon province as the core of creative
tourism management and is compiled with
historical sites, religious places and temples
including the identity of ethnic groups to present to
make a difference from traditional cultural tourism.
The last point is ethnic group., According to
this research, the path of creative tourism found
that the Phu Tai ethnic group is the main ethnic
group and is a group that has a way of life, culture,
associated with indigo dyeing cloth. It is the first
In addition, in terms of types and behavior of
tourists and cultural-related tourist sites, the
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Pokkasina Chathiphot et al/ No.19_Sep 2020|p.108-120
2. The factors that contributed to the
research suggests that creative tourists should be to
engage in activities such as photography, painting,
pottery making, food and handicraft work
especially participation in learning about
handicrafts from indigo dyeing works of the
community. This includes to having knowledge
learnt from wisdom teachers who are engaged in
indigo making and indigo dyeing. This is in line
with the tourists' behavior of Smith (2003) that each
type of tourists are interested in different places and
tourism activities which can be used as a guideline
in formulating strategies to meet the needs which
will lead to revenue generation for tourist
strengthening of weaving community,
3. Research results should be extended to other
groups in the community employing the community
empowerment approach from case study of indigo
dyed cloth.
References
1. Chathiphot, P. (2017). The role of Phu Tai
women through their local wisdom of indigo-dyed
textile in community strengthening in Sakon
Nakhon province, Thailand.
International Symposium on Social Sciences
and Management. January 19-21, 2017. Hokkaido,
Japan. pp. 315-328.
destinations
while
promoting
knowledge,
understanding and preserving the culture of the
community.
2. Pongsan Srisomsap. (2016). Creative
Tourism Model for ASEAN Economi Community
(AEC) : A case study of Chon Bun Province.
Faculty of Political Science, Ramkhamhaeng
University.
Conclusion
This research study is one of the important
strategies of Sakon Nakhon province on trade
investment and tourism by having a tourism policy
of 3 cities that is composed of nature, dharma and
culture together. This can be an aid to attract a
variety of tourists, thus leading to develop into a
concrete creative tourism. In addition, Sakon
Nakhon Province is under the group of the upper
northeast region 2 which has the potential to drive
the economy resulting from creative tourism
because there are a variety of natural attractions,
biological resources and local knowledge including
ethnic groups with unique identities and is also a
bridge on the eastern economic corridor connecting
to ASEAN countries and southern China.
Therefore, it is necessary to plan for development
of the region as a secondary city for tourist
destination.
3. Chiranut Sopha et al. (2015). The
Development of Gastronomic Tourism Routes in
ASEAN. Suan Dusit Rajabhat University.
4. Chathiphot, D. (2015). Women’s life of
weaving and indigo dyeing: Transmission and
Creative wisdom of Phu Tai Indigo Dye Textile.
The 5th Cultural Research: Culture in Life and Life
in Culture: 5 July 2015. Bangkok: Department of
Cultural Promotion, pp. 6-20.
5. Viboon Leesuwan. (1984). Folk crafts.
Bangkok: Banya.2007). Encyclopedia of fabrics
and weaving machines. Bangkok: Muang Boran.
6. Richards, G. (2011). Creativity and tourism:
The state of the art. Annals of Tourism
Research 38, 4, p.1225-1253.
7.Department of Intellectual Property. (2015).
Announcement of the Department of Intellectual
Property: Registration of Geographical indication
Suggestions and Recommendations
This study should extend
1. The study of the factors that affect the
accomplishment of creative tourism in the weaving
community,
Natural indigo fabric, Sakon Nakhon. 11 March
2015.
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Pokkasina Chathiphot et al/ No.19_Sep 2020|p.108-120
VỐN VĂN HÓA CỦA CỘNG ĐỒNG DÂN TỘC DỆT -
NHUỘM CHÀM PHU TAI PHÁT TRIỂN SÁNG TẠO DU LỊCH CỘNG ĐỒNG
Nilobol Phuraya, Pokkasina Chathiphot,
Pannawadee Srikhao, Yanika Saensuriwong, Kanyarat Masaengsom
Thông tin bài viết
Ngày nhận bài:
Tóm tắt
Bài viết này nhằm mục đích nghiên cứu vốn văn hóa của cộng đồng nhuộm
chàm Ban Nong Khrong, Don Kloy, Kham Kha và Oun Dong, huyện
Phannanikhom, tỉnh Sakon Nakhon, Thái Lan. Đây được phát triển như một
làng du lịch văn hóa sáng tạo, thu được từ dữ liệu vốn văn hóa thu thập được,
bao gồm bối cảnh xã hội và văn hóa của cộng đồng nhuộm chàm thông qua
quan sát tham gia, phỏng vấn sâu, thảo luận nhóm và thử nghiệm với những
người cung cấp thông tin chính theo thứ tự để tìm ra cách phát triển thành một
cộng đồng văn hóa cho du lịch bền vững. Nghiên cứu phát hiện ra rằng cộng
đồng này có vốn văn hóa, đặc trưng là nghề dệt vải bông nhuộm chàm, đây là
yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến thu nhập của người dân trong cộng đồng. Hầu hết các cư
dân ở Ban Nong Khrong, Don Kloy, Kham Kha và Oun Dong đều thừa hưởng
nghề dệt vải chàm và trí tuệ hấp hối này từ tổ tiên của họ. Nghiên cứu cũng cố
gắng tạo ra nhiều giá trị hơn bằng cách bổ sung vốn văn hóa và trí tuệ của bản
sắc dân tộc Phú Tài và dệt nhuộm chàm như một đại diện của cộng đồng du
lịch văn hóa, bằng cách sử dụng mô hình trình bày cộng đồng với các hoạt
động du lịch sáng tạo như nhuộm, dệt, địa nấu nướng. Các hoạt động này tạo ra
một trải nghiệm chung để khách du lịch có thể tham gia học hỏi về vốn văn hóa
và trí tuệ của cộng đồng Phú Tài.
21/9/2020
Ngày duyệt đăng:
10/12/2020
Từ khóa:
Vốn văn hóa cộng đồng,
văn hóa du lịch cộng đồng,
du lịch sáng tạo, dệt nhuộm
chàm của người Phú Tài.
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