Effect of epoxydized carbon nanotube master batch on polypropylene film properties
Cite this paper: Vietnam J. Chem., 2021, 59(2), 263-269
DOI: 10.1002/vjch.202000160
Article
Effect of epoxydized carbon nanotube master batch on polypropylene
film properties
Nguyen Van Khoi, Trang Vu Thang, Hoang Thi Phuong*
Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology,
18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
Submitted September 14, 2020; Accepted February 24, 2021
Abstract
First, the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was modified by epoxidation reaction to create epoxidized CNTs
(O<CNTs). Following step, master batches of O<CNTs (MB-O<CNTs) with different O<CNTs contents (5-12 wt%)
were prepared by melt mixing in the presence of anhydride grafted polypropylene (PPgMAH). The CNTs content
dispersed uniformly in master batch is 7 wt%. Finally, the effect of MB-O<CNTs contents on some properties of
polypropylene film (PP film) was studied. The PP film samples with different MB-O<CNTs content (such that the
O<CNTs content in the film varies from 0-1.0 wt%) were prepared on film blowing extruder. The effects of O<CNTs
contents on the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of PP film samples were investigated. The study found that
tensile strength of PP films increased significantly with increasing O<CNTs content while elongation at break
decreased. In addition, the presence of O<CNTs slightly increased the degree of crystallization and crystallization
temperature of PP films while the melting behavior did not change much. From FE-SEM analysis, the good dispersion
of O<CNTs in the PP films was obtained from PP films with O<CNTs content in the range of 0.2-0.8 wt%. The
presence of O<CNTs also changed the electrical properties of PP. The PP films were achieved the antistatic effect at
O<CNTs content in the range of 0.2-0.4 wt%. In addition, the results showed that the master batch processing helps
O<CNTs to disperse more evenly in the PP film.
Keywords. Polypropylene, carbon nanotubes, master batch.
1. INTRODUCTION
adhesion and compatibility between CNT and PP is
an issue of research interest. To improve the
Polypropylene (PP) is one of the most widely used interactions between CNTs and polymer matrix,
plastic in packaging material, textile, electric different functional groups are attached directly to
appliances, and automobile parts because of good the CNTs’ sidewall [3-4]. At the nanotube surface,
physical and chemical properties and low-cost. chemical functionalization helps functional groups
Though, to be suitable for applications requiring (carboxylic acid, epoxy, hydroxyl,...) that may react
higher mechanical and antistatic properties, PP is with the functional groups of organic molecules,
generally modified by various additives to improve forming permanent bonds. In order to choose a
its properties.[1]
suitable CNT functionalization method, the nature of
Recently, nano-additives are widely used in the the host polymer should be considered. In addition,
reinforcement of PP, especially carbon nanotubes the compatibility of PP and CNTs also could be
(CNTs). The CNTs has unique structure, nano-size improved by adding a compatibilizer. Some recent
diameter, low volume resistivity advantage and its researches have reported that maleic anhydride -
current price has been greatly reduced. Therefore, grafted polypropylene (PPgMAH) is able to use as a
the CNTs are an excellent material to reinforce for compatibilizer for improvement in the compatibility
PP. However, the biggest drawback when melt between PP and CNTs.[2,5]
mixing PP and CNTs can exhibit agglomerate
In addition, a kind of master batch technology
phenomenon and poor interfacial adhesion. CNTs was employed to support the process of dispersion
have a propensity to agglomerates in polymer of CNTs in PP. Usually, when using the melt
matrix. CNTs are difficult to be dispersed because of blending method, CNT is directly mixed with the
high surface energy and strong Van der Waals melted polymer. To uniformly disperse a large
force.[2] Therefore, finding solution to improve the amount of CNT in the polymer matrix, the master
263 Wiley Online Library © 2021 Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi & Wiley-VCH GmbH
Vietnam Journal of Chemistry
Hoang Thi Phuong et al.
batch process is an appropriate technique and
necessary.[6]
- PP film preparation: PP films (30±3 µm) were
prepared in a blowing machine using single screw
In this study, master batch MB-O<CNTs with extruder SJ-35 (35 mm screw, L/D:28/1). PP and
different O<CNTs contents were prepared by melt O<CNTs were prepared via master batch. The
mixing in the presence of PPgMAH. In this study, O<CNTs content was incorporated into the PP film
the effect of MB-O<CNTs contents on some at a concentration of 0-1.0 wt%, the samples were
properties of PP films was investigated.
designated PP-0, PP/O<CNTs0.2, PP/O<CNTs0.4,
PP/O<CNTs0.6,
PP/O<CNTs1.0.
PP/O<CNTs0.8
and
2. EXPERIMENTAL
- Determination of melt flow index (MFI): Melt
flow index of samples were measured by using BP-
8164-A instrument (China), according to ASTM D
2.1. Materials
PP resin 1126NK was supplied by IRPC (Thailand). 1238 standard.
The MFI and density of PP is 11 g/10 min and 0,93
- Torque: the torques of O<CNTs masterbatch
g/cm3, respectively. PPgMAH with a percentage of samples in melt processing were determined and
MAH 1.0 % was supplied by Addivant, USA. The recorded by CANfig software of Brabender
CNTs was provided by Kumho petrochemical Co., PlastographEC connected with computer.
Ltd, Korea (diameter 5-15 nm, length 10-20 µm).
- Surface resistivity tests:Surface resistivity of
Methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) grade M1296 of samples were measured using a SL-030 surface
o
Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., LTD and resistance meter (China) at 25 C, relative humidity
Triphenylphosphine grade T84409 of Sigma were 65% (65% RH), 9V voltage, according to ASTM
used.
D257.
- Mechanical measurements: The mechanical
measurements, including tensile and elongation at
break properties of samples were performed using a
2.2. Methods
Epoxidation of CNTs[7]: 2 g CNTs were placed in a tensile tester (INSTRON 5980, USA) in Polymer
500 mL Schlenk flask attached with addition funnel. center, Hanoi University of Science and
After evacuation for 30 min to remove any adsorbed Technology, according to ASTM D882.
O2, a toluene (150 mL) solution of MTO (0.4 g) was
- Field emission scanning electron microscopy
added. Triphenylphosphine (0.456 g dissolved in (FESEM): The fracture surface of samples were
150 ml of toluene) was added dropwise to the obtained using a field emission scanning electron
suspension over 15 min. The reaction was stirred at microscopy (FESEM, Hitachi S-4800, Japan) in
55 °C for 24 hours. The sample was centrifuged at institute of materials science. The samples surfaces
4000 rpm for 15 min, washed with fresh toluene were coated with a thin layer of platinum in vacuum
(3×280 mL). After drying overnight under vacuum chamber for conductivity before examination. The
at 60 oC, a solid was obtained O<CNTs.
accelerator voltage is 2 and 5 kV.
- Preparation of master batch content O<CNTs:
- Thermal characteristic: Differential scanning
Master batch of PP, O<CNTs, PPgMAH were calorimetry (DSC) was performed on DSC 204F1
prepared with various O<CNTs contents, as list in Phoenix Instrument (Germany) performing the
Table 1. The master batch samples were prepared by following thermal cycle under nitrogen atmosphere:
o
o
melt blending technique using a internal mixer at 10oC/min from -50 to 200 C, a dwell at 200 C
(Brabender PlastographEC, Germany) at 190 C, 70 for 10 min, a cooling down to -50 oC. The degree of
o
rpm for 7 min, followed by cooling to room crystallinity (Xc%) values of nanocomposites were
temperature. The dispersion of O<CNTs in master calculated by using the following Equation (1).
batch was determined by melt flow index and
torque.
(1)
Where ∆Ho is the heat of fusion for 100% crystalline
PP which is 209 J/g, ∆Hm is crystallinity enthalpy.
Table 1: Composition of PP/O<CNTs/PPgMAH
master batch samples
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Content (wt%)
Sample
O-CNTs PPgMAH
PP
92
90
88
85
3.1. Effect of O<CNTs contents on the dispersion
of O<CNTs in master batch
MB- O<CNTs5
MB- O<CNTs7
MB- O<CNTs9
MB- O<CNTs12
5
7
9
3
3
3
3
3.1.1. Torque of samples in melt processing
12
Vietnam Journal of Chemistry
Effect of epoxydized carbon nanotube…
Torque is defined as the load required by the mixer dispersion of O<CNTs in PP matrix was determined
to perform the mixing process and is a quantity that
characterizes the process ability of a material. The
process ability of the material can be represented by
a torque diagram. The mixing torque vs time is
shown on the figure 1.
through the repeatability of the MFI at five different
measurements. The MFI of master batch samples
with various O<CNTs contents are described in
figure 2.
20
1st measurement
2 nd measurement
3 rd measurement
4 th measurement
5 th measurement
14
12
10
8
MB/O<CNT12
MB/O<CNT9
MB/O<CNT 7
MB/O<CNT 5
15
PP-0
10
5
0
6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
4
Mixing time (min.)
3
5
7
9
11
13
Figure 1: Torque curves of neat PP and master batch
O<CNT loading (WT%)
samples vs. time
The study results showed that the torque values
of all samples increased sharply in initial stages of
the mixing process. In this stage, the components
were still in a solid state, the mixture has a high
Figure 2: Effect of O<CNTs content on melt flow
index of master batch samples
Figure 1 indicated that the MFI of master batch
viscosity so the force exerted on the rotor is higher. samples decreased with increasing O<CNTs content.
When the mixture is melted and subjected to the This indicated that the structure of O<CNTs and PP
mechanical shear forces, inside the mixing chamber, was interconnected through interaction between
the temperature starts to rise leading to a transition epoxy of CNTs and anhydride maleic groups to
into the molting state, which significantly reduces interfere with the molecular movement of the
the torque value at second minute at all samples. The polymer chain.[9] The MFI value of neat PP was 11
torque value decreased and remained constant after g/10 min and was decreased to 7.2 g/10 min (with 12
seven minutes of mixing. At this stage, almost wt% O<CNTs content, decreased 28 %). The
complete well-mixed compound, homogeneously uniform dispersion of O<CNTs in the master batch
mixed and the torque values start to constant.
was determined through the repeatability of the MFI
Overall, the torque value of master batch measurement. Master batch samples with low
samples at all times increased with increasing O<CNTs content (5-7 wt%) showed higher
O<CNTs content. This is because when the repeatability than samples with high O<CNTs (9-12
O<CNTs content increases, O<CNTs tends to wt%). This shows that, O<CNTs dispersed in master
aggregate that restricted the mobility of molecular batch more uniform at the content of 5-7 wt%
chain of PP. Thus, the mobility of PP chain compared with content of 9-12 wt%. In this master
decreases with increasing O<CNTs content, which batch processing, the presence of both O<CNTs and
contributes to increase torque value.[8]
PPgMAH could effectively improve the surface
adhesion between O<CNTs and PP surfaces.
Considering the chemical structures of PPgMA and
O<CNTs, the anhydride from PPMA may react with
3.1.2. Melt flow index
The melt flow property of thermoplastics was the epoxy group. The mechanism of interaction
assessed through MFI, which is a very important between epoxy and anhydride maleic groups is
parameter and is commonly used to determine the shown in the Fig. 3.[10] Therefore, master batch with
properties of resins. The dispersion of O<CNTs was 7 wt% O<CNTs content was selected for preparation
measured through the MFI. In addition, the uniform of PP films.
Vietnam Journal of Chemistry
Hoang Thi Phuong et al.
However, the tensile strength of PP has a slight
decrease when the content of O<CNTs is increased
1.0 wt%. With increasing of O<CNTs content, the
tensile strength of PP/O<CNTs nanocomposites
decreases due to the formed aggregates act as
mechanical failure concentrators.[11] In contrast to
the tensile strength, the elongation at break is
significantly decreased when increasing the
O<CNTs content in PP. The elongation at break is
related to the flexibility of the polymer chains. The
presence of O<CNTs in PP phase restricted the
mobility of polymer chains. Therefore, the
percentage elongation of PP decreased with
increasing O<CNTs content from 0-1.0 wt%.[12]
Prashantra et al. reported that when adding
PPgMAH, CNT dispersed better in the PP matrix but
elongation at break decreased when the O<CNTs
content increased.[13]
Scheme 1: Reaction of maleic anhydride and
epoxide group
3.2. Influence of O<CNTs contents on
characteristics of PP films
3.2.1. Mechanical properties
3.2.2. Thermal properties
The PP film’s mechanical properties in machine
direction (MD), including of tensile strength and
elongation at break are reported in table 2.
The thermal properties (melting temperature (Tm),
melting enthalpy (∆Hm) and degree of crystallinity
(Xc), crystallization temperature (Tc) crystallization
enthalpy (∆Hc)) of samples were investigated using
DSC and result are reported in table 3.
Table 2: Result of mechanical properties of PP and
PP/O- CNTs films with different contents of
O<CNTs
As shown in table 3, when O<CNTs is added to
the samples, it can be seen that melting temperature
(Tm) and the melting behavior have not change
much. The melting temperature of PP/O<CNTs and
PP is in range of 175-177 °C. This shows that the
presence of O<CNTs with concentrations up to 1 %
did not affect the melting behavior and melting
temperature of PP. The results of this research are
On the contrary, the crystallization temperature
(Tc) of PP films contents O<CNTs increased from
Tensile
strength
-MD
(MPa)
30.24
32.31
O<CNTs
contents
Elongation
at break-
MD (%)
Samples
(%)
PP-0
0
268.2
134.4
PP/O<CNT
s0.2
0.2
PP/O<CNT
s0.4
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
34.51
35.27
36.54
34.11
98.2
74.6
52.1
21.6
o
roughly 3 to 7 C compared neat PP film. In
addition, the degree of crystallization slightly
increased with increasing O<CNTs content. It
indicated that CNTs acted as nucleating agents,
which induce easier and faster crystallization under
isothermal and non-isothermal condition. When the
O<CNTs continued to increase to 1.0 wt%, the Xc
value reduced to 41.1 %. This can be explained by
the existence of CNTs aggregations in PP that acted
as barriers to the crystal growth. Salid Hakan
Yetgin[15] has obtained similar results in his study of
the thermal properties of PP/CNTs composites.
PP/O<CNT
s0.6
PP/O<CNT
s0.8
PP/O<CNT
s1.0
Tensile strength is significantly affected when
adding O<CNTs to the PP. Tensile strength of PP
increased from 30.24 MPa in PP film to 36.51 MPa
for PP/O<CNTs0.8. The rate of increase in tensile
strength is 20.8 % compared to sample without
O<CNTs. This showed good dispersion and
adhesion between CNTs and PP phase. This may be
due to the O<CNTs was distributed in the PP matrix
which master batch was used.[6]
3.2.3. Surface resistivity
Table 4 shows the effect of O<CNTs content on the
surface resisvity of PP films.
Vietnam Journal of Chemistry
Effect of epoxydized carbon nanotube…
Table 3: Melting and crystallization parameters of PP and PP/O<CNTs films with
different contents of O<CNTs
Melting
crystallization
Sample
Tm (oC)
∆Hm (J/g)
Tc (oC)
∆Hc (J/g)
X (%)
PP-0
175
176
176
177
176
177
80.1
82.6
83.08
84.2
84.6
84.1
113
116
117
118
120
118
83.01
84.25
85.35
86.73
89.91
85.9
40.1
40.7
41.2
42.01
43.02
41.1
PP/O<CNTs0.2
PP/O<CNTs0.4
PP/O<CNTs0.6
PP/O<CNTs0.8
PP/O<CNTs1.0
Table 4: The surface resistivity of PP films with
content in range of 0.2-0.4 wt%. This shows that the
epoxy functionalized CNTs and through the master
batch process containing O<CNTs has significantly
improved the dispersion of the O<CNTs phase in the
PP matrix, helped the O<CNTs phase to be evenly
distributed in the PP matrix. The uniform
distribution of O<CNTs formed conductive channels
of O<CNTs in PP phase that static is dissipated.
Consequently, to obtain a mixture that O<CNTs can
evenly disperse in the polymer, the master batch
process is a very efficient process.
However, with an increase in the O<CNTs
content from 0.6 wt% up to 1.0 wt%, there was a
sharp decrease in surface resistivity, the PP films
became electrically conductive. At high O<CNTs
content, with the uniform dispersion of O<CNTs in
the PP matrix, forming a percolated network of
O<CNTs, which can be regarded as an electrical
percolation threshold.
various O<CNTs contents
Content of
O<CNTs
(wt%)
Surface
resistivity
(Ω/sq)
Sample
PP-0
PP/O<CNTs0.2
PP/O<CNTs0.4
PP/O<CNTs0.6
PP/O<CNTs0.8
PP/O<CNTs1.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
>1012
109
106
104
103
<103
The industry standards ANSI/EIA-541-1988
(USA) and ANSI/ESD S541-200 (USA) defined
and classified based on the surface resistivity.
Accordingly, conductive, static dissipative, antistatic
and insulator materials have surface resistivity of
101-105, 106-108, 109-1011 and 1012-1016 Ω/sq,
respectively. Therefore, it can be seen that surface
resistivity of neat PP film is higher than 1012 Ω/sq, it
was insulator material. However, the surface
resistivity of PP/O<CNTs0.2 and PP/O<CNTs0.4
films was 109 and 106 Ω/sq, respectively. This
indicates that both of the PP/O<CNTs0.2 and
PP/O<CNTs0.4 films could be as antistatic
materials. The antistatic mechanism of CNTs is
explained by the CNTs as conductive particles, in PP
matrix lies in that static is dissipated by a conductive
network of CNTs. Thus the dissipation of static
charges can be promoted. However, Chensha Li et
al.[16] stated that if CNTs were blended directly in
PP, to have antistatic effect, the content of CNT
must be greater than 15 wt%. This may be due to
that unmodified CNTs has very poor interaction with
PP resin, the process of mixing is not uniform, to
achieve antistatic effect, a large amount of CNTs is
required. But PP films can not be produced in such
high CNTs content. While, in this study, the PP
films were achieved the antistatic effect at O<CNTs
3.2.4. Field emission scanning electron microscopy
(FESEM)
The distribution and dispersion of O<CNTs in PP
were investigated using a Field Emission Scanning
Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Micrographs took
on cryogenically fractured surface of samples are
reported in figure 3.
The study results showed that the PP samples
containing O<CNTs in range of 0-0.8 wt% had
uniform dispersion, O<CNTs was evenly dispersed
and mixed in the PP matrix. In this case, epoxy
groups from O<CNTs surface are interacted with
polar groups of PPgMAH, resulting in improved
O<CNTs dispersion within the PP matrix. Indeed,
Chen et al.[17] reported a possible nucleophilic
substitution reaction between the epoxy group and
carboxyl group in melt blending of components.
However, in the PP/O<CNTs1.0 sample, beside the
uniform dispersion regions of the CNTs in the PP
phases, there are appeared regions of CNTs
Vietnam Journal of Chemistry
Hoang Thi Phuong et al.
agglomeration (figure 3f). The presence of phase in the PP matrix can reduce the segmental
agglomerates can also explain the progressive mobility of matrix polymer. This is explained for the
decrease of tensile strength and elongation at break decrease in elongation at break of samples
for PP/O<CNTs1.0 compared to other samples. In containing CNTs compared to neat PP.[18]
addition, the appearance of the PP/O<CNTs1.0
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Figure 3: FESEM micrographs of samples: (a) 0 wt%, (b) 0.2 wt%, (c) 0.4 wt%, (d) 0.6 wt%, (e) 0.8 wt%
and (f) 1.0 wt% of O<CNTs in PP films
4. CONCLUSION
Acknowledgement. The authors would like to thank
Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy Science
A series of PP and PP films containing O<CNTs and Technology for financial support through the
with different O<CNTs concentrations (i.e., 0, 0.2, project code NCVCC06.02/20-20.
0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 wt%) were studied. The
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Corresponding author: Hoang Thi Phuong
Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
18, Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
7 trang
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