Some results of NAA collaborative study in white rice performed at Dalat Nuclear Research Institute
Nuclear Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2014), pp. 76-83
Some results of NAA collaborative study in white rice
performed at Dalat Nuclear Research Institute
T.Q. Thien*, C.D. Vu, H.V. Doanh, N.T. Sy
Dalat Nuclear Research Institute
01 Nguyen Tu Luc St., Dalat, Lam Dong
(Received 5 March 2014, accepted 14 March 2014)
Abstract: White rice is a main food for Asian people. In the framework of Forum for Nuclear
Cooperation in Asia (FNCA), therefore, the eight Asian countries: China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam selected white rice as a common target sample for a
collaboration study since 2008. Accordingly, rice samples were purchased and prepared by following
a protocol that had been proposed for this study. The groups of elements that were analyzed by using
neutron activation analysis in the white rice samples were toxic elements and nutrient elements,
including: Al, As, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb and Zn. The analytical results were
compared between the different countries and evaluated by using the Tolerable Intake Level of World
Health Organization (WHO) and Recommended Dietary Allowance or Adequate Intake (AI) of the
U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) guideline values. These data will be very useful in the monitoring of
the levels of food contamination and in the evaluation of the nutritional status for people living in
Vietnam and other Asian countries.
Keywords:White rice, neutron activation analysis, FNCA,tolerable intake level, dietary reference
intakes, adequate intake.
I. INTRODUCTION
Utilization in the framework of the forum
FNCA. Vietnam has participated in the FNCA
since 2000.
FNCA (Forum for Nuclear Cooperation
in Asia) was formally established in March
1999 at the 10th session of the International
Conference on Nuclear Cooperation in Asia
region ICNCA (International Conference for
Nuclear Cooperation in Asia) initiated and
funded by the Japanese government. FNCA is
supposed to enhance mutual understanding,
exchange of information and experience to social
and economic development in Asia through
research, collaboration, technology applications
initiatives for peaceful purposes. Up to 2012,
FNCA has 12 member countries, including:
Australia, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia,
the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
In the FNCA workshop held in Dalat,
Vietnam, in 2008, the eight among twelve
member countries of the FNCA which are
China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Korea, the
Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam, agreed to
participate in a collaborative study on the
analysis of food samples as a sub-project
thematic in NAA. White rice has been selected
as research subjects for this work because of its
importance as the basic staple food for people
wholives in Asia. Specifically, the major rice
producing countries in Asia are China, India,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Thailand,
Vietnam, etc. These countries accounts for over
80% of production and consumption of rice in
the world. This highlights the importance of the
NAA (Neutron Activation Analysis) is
one of the projects under the ResearchReactor
©2014 Vietnam Atomic Energy Society and Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute
TRAN QUANG THIEN et al.
information gained from the study because rice
II. EXPERIMENTS
is the staple food as well as providing a large
portion of the calories in the Asian diet [1].
A. Sample collection and preparation
Eighteen samples were collected from the
Department of Agriculture and Rural
Development Centre Tiengiang province
agricultural seed wherein rice is the most
common type on the market which are
presented in Table I.
The objective of this study was to
determine the inorganic elements in the white
rice of Vietnam and compared it with seven
Asian countries by NAA method, these results
are preliminary by the level of nutrients and
toxic elements in rice for safety.
Table I.The information sampling of Vietnam’s rice samples at Department of Agriculture and Rural
Development Centre Tiengiang province
No.
1
Type
Ham Chau Rice
IR 50404 Rice
Japan 504 Rice
Jasmine 85 Rice
Jasmine Rice
2
3
4
5
6
OM 4218 Rice
OM 4900 Rice
OM 5451 Rice
OM 5472 Rice
OM 5976 Rice
OM 6162 Rice
OM 6377 Rice
OM 6976 Rice
Otim Rice
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Seri Rice
Tai Nguyen Rice
Taiwan Fragrant Rice
Thom Lai Rice
The collected rice samples were brought B. Analysis
to the lab and washed with distilled water and
The rice samples were analyzed by
then dried in a drying oven at a temperature of
INAA in Dalat Nuclear Research Institute. The
analytical procedures are followed with
ISO/IEC 17025 [2]. A concurrent analysis of
reference standard samples for quality control
was made for each batch of analysis. Analyses
were made using a combination of both short
and long irradiations. The HPGe detector with
0
60 C for 4 hours, then ground into fine
particles using an agate mortar in order to
prevent contamination. Rice samples were
repeatedly ground until a particle size of 60
meshes. Finally, the samples were subdivided
into subsamples weighing from 100-300 mg
prior to analysis by INAA.[1]
77
SOME RESULTS OF NAA COLLABORATIVE STUDY IN WHITE RICE ...
multichannel analysis system was used to
measure the gamma rays from the sample after
irradiation. The concentration of the elements
was calculated using the relative method and/or
k-zero method.
The result of standard reference material
was shown in Table II and the result of fifteen
elements concentrations in eighteen samples of
white rice are in Table III.
In Table II, The average result are
caculated through 3 times analysis, it's not
much different to the value of certificate. The
Z-score of all elements is lower than 2, that
mean this results are satisfactory.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. The content of elements in white rice
samples
Table II. Result of standard reference material IAEA-V-10
No. Ele.
Aver.
1579
20865
7360
46
Sd.
121
2892
100
5
Cert.
1360
21600
-
Z-score
1.81
-0.25
-
Ana/Cert
1.161
0.966
-
1
2
Mg
Ca
Cl
3
4
Mn
Na
K
47
-0.20
0.78
-0.25
-1.40
1.00
0.20
0.48
0.67
0.68
0.20
0.979
1.014
0.958
0.913
1.143
1.015
1.054
1.154
1.063
1.013
5
507
9
500
21000
8
6
20119
7.3
3530
0.5
7
Br
Sc
Cr
Fe
Co
Zn
Rb
8
0.016
6.6
0.002
0.5
0.014
6.5
9
10
11
12
13
196
21
186
0.13
24
0.15
25.5
7.7
0.03
2.2
0.5
7.6
Aver: Average result;
Sd: Standart deviation
Cert: Certificate
In Table III, the concentration of Mg Zn in rice samples determined by eight
element are not analyzed in all samples, elements
concentration of Al, Ca and Fe are not obtained
and reported limit of detection, the result of other
elements are included concentration and
uncertainty. The highest concentration are K
element, the lowest come from Co and Cs. The
other elements have no significant differences
between all samples except Rb.
participating countries are summarized in Table
4. The results of quality control analysis for
fifteen elements are summarized as a relative
error (%) with absolute value and are shown in
Fig. 1. The relative error of most of the
elements evaluated in Fig. 1 were less than
15%, except for some few elements such as Al
of Malaysia; Co of Vietnam; Mg of China,
Korea and Vietnam, Mn and Na of Korea rice
samples.
B. Comparing the elements concentration in
white rice of 8 countries
Results of fifteen elements: Al, As, Br,
Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb and
78
TRAN QUANG THIEN et al.
Table III.The analytical results of eighteenwhite rice samples in Vietnam
Al
As
Br
Ca
Cl
Co
Cr
Cs
Fe
K
Mg
Mn
Na
Rb
Zn
No.
Type
C. U. C.
U.
C.
U.
C. U. C.
U.
C.
U.
C. U.
C.
U.
C. U. C. U. C. U. C. U. C. U. C. U. C. U.
Ham Chau
Rice
1
2
3
<3
0.12 0.02 0.43 0.05 <165
0.16 0.04 0.17 0.05 <160
0.06 0.02 0.78 0.07 <120
294 11 0.031 0.006 <0.4
242 11 0.026 0.008 <0.5
407 14 0.022 0.008 <0.4
0.026 0.007 <14
0.061 0.010 <10
0.019 0.008 <14
518 10 NA.
1649 17 NA.
527 11 NA.
8.0 0.2 22.6 0.3 1.5 0.3 23.0 0.5
15.9 0.2 11.5 0.2 11.4 0.6 21.3 0.6
5.1 0.1 48.5 0.3 1.0 0.3 21.7 0.8
IR 50404 Rice <8
Japan 504
<4
Rice
Jasmine 85
<5
4
0.13 0.03 0.31 0.07 <185
235 30 0.028 0.008 <0.5
0.056 0.012 <18
1543 17 NA.
19.1 0.1 18.2 0.3 10.3 0.7 22.8 0.8
Rice
5
6
Jasmine Rice <4
OM 4218 Rice <5
OM 4900 Rice <7
OM 5451 Rice <7
OM 5472 Rice <4
OM 5976 Rice <5
0.12 0.02 0.22 0.04 <100
0.15 0.04 0.22 0.06 <130
0.10 0.03 0.34 0.07 <140
0.15 0.03 0.29 0.06 <120
0.11 0.03 0.26 0.06 <100
0.11 0.03 0.18 0.05 <110
192 10 0.030 0.008 <0.5
282 25 0.031 0.008 <0.6
346 31 0.043 0.008 <0.5
199 23 0.036 0.007 <0.6
293 22 0.034 0.007 <0.5
186 11 0.031 0.009 <0.6
0.052 0.007 <20
0.045 0.009 <17
0.044 0.010 <19
0.046 0.008 <16
0.047 0.011 <22
0.043 0.011 <17
453
9
NA.
3.5 0.1 9.0 0.2 1.9 0.4 19.2 0.6
12.8 0.1 17.1 0.3 8.3 0.6 22.2 0.7
16.0 0.1 14.8 0.3 5.9 0.5 26.2 0.7
11.8 0.1 18.8 0.3 11.4 0.7 22.6 0.7
11.9 0.1 14.9 0.2 9.7 0.6 24.8 0.7
12.7 0.1 11.3 0.2 10.7 0.6 24.0 0.7
1548 16 NA.
1780 18 NA.
1254 16 NA.
1414 15 NA.
1227 14 NA.
7
8
9
10
<1
0
11
OM 6162 Rice
0.08 0.03 0.17 0.05 <120
307 13 0.043 0.009 <0.4
0.039 0.011 <16
1509 16 NA.
13.9 0.2 12.6 0.2 8.3 0.6 23.7 0.7
12
13
14
15
OM 6377 Rice <7
OM 6976 Rice <6
0.14 0.03 0.23 0.06 <120
0.11 0.03 0.34 0.05 <100
0.17 0.03 0.47 0.04 <100
0.22 0.02 0.18 0.04 <135
266 27 0.058 0.009 <0.6
382 14 0.027 0.007 <0.5
225 11 0.044 0.009 <0.3
236 11 0.041 0.009 <0.4
0.063 0.011 <13
0.038 0.009 <19
0.051 0.013 <28
0.074 0.011 <21
1636 16 NA.
1487 16 NA.
568 11 NA.
16.8 0.1 13.1 0.2 15.7 0.7 23.4 0.8
6.7 0.3 13.5 0.2 4.8 0.5 25.0 0.7
7.5 0.1 14.4 0.2 2.8 0.5 21.4 0.7
5.4 0.1 13.5 0.2 8.2 0.7 21.1 0.7
Otim Rice
Seri Rice
<4
<4
501
9
NA.
Tai Nguyen
Rice
16
<3
0.06 0.02 0.65 0.07 <100
378 12 0.039 0.009 <0.5
330 12 0.024 0.010 HL
0.016 0.007 <16
470
9
NA.
5.2 0.1 40.9 0.3 1.0 0.3 17.5 0.7
17
18
Taiwan Rice <5
Thom Lai Rice <3
0.11 0.03 0.23 0.04 <110
0.08 0.02 0.40 0.04 <110
0.066 0.010 <22
0.029 0.007 <14
842 13 NA.
463 NA.
1077 NA.
5.9 0.1 10.5 0.2 7.5 0.6 24.8 0.9
3.9 0.1 7.8 0.2 1.2 0.4 19.8 0.6
208
278
Unit: mg/kg; C. : Concentration; U. : Uncertainty; NA. : Not Applicable
9
0.031 0.008 <0.5
8
Average
<5
0.12
0.33
<124
0.034 <0.5
0.045
<18
10.1
17.4
6.8
22.5
79
SOME RESULTS OF NAA COLLABORATIVE STUDY IN WHITE RICE ...
Table IV. The analytical results of white rice (unit: mg/kg) [1]
eVietnam
(This work)
Ele. aChina Indonesia
bJapan
Korea
cMalaysia dPhilippine Thailand
Al
As
Br
Ca
Cl
<4.46
0.55
0.35
N.A
264
<20.52
0.08
0.45
<4.53
210
<1.66
0.1
<1.38
0.13
0.19
53.9
193
<2
0.11
13.6
<10
<2.82
0.07
5.35
39.1
236
<2.33
0.09
0.43
<15
239
<5
0.12
0.33
<124
278
0.5
49.5
239
N.A
N.A
N.A
N.A
611
149
7.66
5.69
N.A
18.5
225
Co
Cr
<0.3
0.25
<0.07
N.A
977
0.77
0.38
0.09
4.65
739
0.005
<0.01
0.009
1.58
660
0.026
<0.08
0.016
<5
N.A
N.A
N.A
N.A
637
0.022
<0.4
N.A
<16
620
0.034
<0.5
0.045
<18
Cs
Fe
K
573
1077
N.A
10.1
17.4
6.8
Mg
Mn
Na
Rb
Zn
379
131
241
<150
6.19
13.7
2.1
90
59
9.25
10.3
<3.35
15.3
9.95
7.7
9.06
4.1
7.89
5.17
3.24
15.4
9.23
4.58
1.34
21.4
7.64
24.2
1.39
15.3
10.1
22.5
N.A: not applicable; (a) Mean values are derived from four different samples; (b) Mean values from a sample
of known origin and two samples of unknown origin; (c) Mean values are derived from two different
samples; (d) Mean values from four samples of unknown origin; (e) This work, average value of eighteen
samples from known origins.
As can be seen from Table IV, the Al
concentrations in rice saples from all
participating countries were below the
detection limit, hence only the limit of
detection (LOD) were reported. Indonesia had
an LOD value of 20.52 for Al, highest
compared to other countries. Korea and Japan
had the lowest LOD values in the eight
countries. K concentration range is from 553 to
1077 mg/kg. K in Vietnam rice samples had
the highest value which is 1077 mg/kg. Cl and
Mg have similarly eminent values. Seven
elements of As, Br, Cl, K, Mn, Na and Zn were
determined by all participating countries, but
LODs were not reported. As content of China
had the highest value, 0.55 mg/kg and the other
countries have equivalent levels of As, 0.1
mg/kg. Br concentrations of Malaysia,
Indonesia and the Philippines were more than a
dozen times higher than those of other
countries. Five elements Cl, K, Mn, Na and Zn
did not differ significantly and the average
content of the standard deviation were 236±27,
737±178, 8.67±1.32, 8.58±4.84 and 17.8±4.7
mg/kg respectively. Concentrations of Mg
were reported by six countries excluding
Malaysia and Vietnam. Thailand showed the
lowest levels of Mg, 59 mg/kg, while the Mg
content of China was the highest at 379 mg/kg.
Only three countries namely Japan, South
Korea and the Philippines reported Ca data
which were 49.5, 53.9 and 39.1 mg/kg
respectively. In addition, the levels of Cr, Cs
and Fe in Indonesian rice were higher
compared to those of other countries.
80
TRAN QUANG THIEN et al.
C. Dietary intake level of the toxic elements
and nutrition elements of 8 countries
rice consumption varies in different countries,
and therefore a consensus value of 300
grams/day was set, to be able to compare the
intake of As, Cl, K, Mn, Na and Zn from rice
consumption in all participating countries. This
is to assess whether or not, the ingested levels
of the elements can be considered as harmful
or beneficial to human health. Data are shown
in Table V.
To estimate the dietary intake level of
inorganic constituents on consumption of white
rice, it was necessary to conduct a survey of
daily consumption of rice. For example, the
amount of the average daily consumption of
rice in Korea in 2000 was 256 grams, or in
Vietnam in 2010 is 360 gram [3, 4]. However,
China
Indonesia
Japan/Philippines
25
20
15
10
5
0
Al As Br Ca Cl Co Cr Cs Fe K Mg Mn Na Rb Zn
Fig. 1. The absolute value of the relative error (%) of the value analysis to value certification/reference.
Table V. The RDA value of 6 elements each day through white rice, assuming consumption
of 300 grams /day for adults[1]
Vietnam
(This work)
Ele.
China Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Philippine Thailand
As (µg)
165
24
63
30
39
33
21
27
36
Cl (mg) 79.2
71.7
183
57.9
198
67.5
172
70.8
191
71.7
186
83.4
323
K (mg)
293
222
Mn
(mg)
2.78
2.99
2.30
2.72
1.86
2.37
2.77
3.03
Na (mg) 3.09
Zn (mg) 4.59
2.31
7.26
1.71
5.55
1.23
4.59
4.11
3.03
1.55
4.62
1.37
6.42
5.22
6.75
The WHO has established a Tolerable
Intake Level for weekly consumption, which is
15 mg/kg of body weight for As [5]. Assuming
a body weight of 70 kg of an adult, the
Tolerable Intake Level for As daily
consumption will be 150 microgram As. In
addition, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in the
United States has established the value of the
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or
adequate intake (AI) for the necessary elements
[6, 7]. Zn has the highest RDA of 11 mg/day
for men. AI highest values for Cl, Mn defined
by the IOM is 2.3 g/day for all adults, for Na
and K, the highest AI values are respectively
1.5 and 4.7 g/day.
81
SOME RESULTS OF NAA COLLABORATIVE STUDY IN WHITE RICE ...
Calculations for the RDA or AI for the
elements As, Cl, K, Mn, Na, Zn are shown in
Figure 2.Tolerable Intake Level of As in China
is higher than Tolerable Intake Level of WHO
which was about 10%, for the other countries.
The level of Mn is almost equal to the value of
the RDA of IOM. This shows just rice
consumption of 300 g/day may provide
sufficient Mn necessary for the human body.
The intake level for the remaining elements
(Cl, K, Na and Zn) were below the RDA or AI.
In the case of Zn, the range of daily
countries namely China, Indonesia, Japan,
Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and
Vietnam. A total of fifteen elements in thirty
five samples of white rice collected from eight
countries were determined by INAA method.
Within the framework of project participants
FNCA/NAA, NAA laboratory of Vietnam has
collected and analyzed fifteen elements in
eighteen samples of white rice types. Results of
Vietnam’s rice has been compared with the
results of the seven countries participating
members.
consumption
from
21.6%
(Malaysia,
The analytical data were compared
between the participating countries and
assessed according to the daily intake using the
guideline values set by the WHO and IOM.
The results showed an elevated amount of As
in Chinese rice which exceeded by
approximately 10%, the RDA recommended
by WHO. In addition the research gave an
overview of the levels of nutritional elements
Na, Mn, Cl, K and Zn in rice consumed in the
eight countries. Information on the intakes of
Mn (of approximately 100%), Zn, Na, Cl
(21.6÷51.9) % and K (lower than 10%) in
comparison to the requirements of IOM was
obtained from the study.
Indonesia) to 51.9% (Indonesia) can only
supply approximately 21.6% to 51.9% Zn
necessary for the human body. Similarly,
consumption of Cl at 2.5% to 3.6%, K at 3.7%
to 6.2% and 0.3% Na were below the
recommended values. These essential elements
can be obtained anyway, from other foods such
as meat, fish, vegetables, eggs, milk, etc. which
are eaten together with the rice.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
A
collaborative
study
on
the
determination of elemental abundance in rice
using NAA was participated in by eight
China
Indonesia
Japan
Korea
Malaysia
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
1000.0
100.0
10.0
1.0
0.1
As
Cl
K
Mn
Na
Zn
Fig. 2. Assess daily nutrient consumption (%) for the six elements through white rice.
82
TRAN QUANG THIEN et al.
[3] Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,
In future, FNCA will carry on to expand
the scope of research in elemental abundance in
food samples to strengthen the collaboration
between Asian countries for the continued
application of NAA in the assessment for
contamination and mineral potentiality in the
basic foodstuffs.
Agricultural and forestry statistical yearbook
2003. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,
Seoul, (2003).
[4] National Institute of Nutrition, A review of the
nutrition situation in Vietnam 2009-2010,
Medical Publishing House, Hanoi, (2011).
[5] World Health Organization, Evaluation of
certain food additives and contaminants,
(Thirty-third report of the Joint FAO/WHO
Expert Committee on Food Additives). WHO
Technical Report Series, No. 776, (1989).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the MEXT of
Japan for support of this research.
[6] Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition
Board, Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A,
vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper,
iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel,
silicon, vanadium, and zinc, National Academy
of Sciences, Washington DC, (2001).
REFERENCES
[1] J. H. Moon et. al, A NAA collaborative study
in white rice performed in seven Asian
countries, Journal of Radio- analytical
Chemistry, Volume 291, Issue 1, pp 217-221
(January 2012).
[7] Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition
Board, Dietary reference intakes for water,
potassium, sodium, chloride and sulfate.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington
DC, (2004).
[2] Center for Analytical Techniques (CATech),
Dalat Nuclear Research Institute (NRI),
“TCCS-MSH from 01 to 03”, Dalat, (2011).
83
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