Solutions for developing aquaculture and aquatic products consumption in coastal areas of Thanh Hoa province
Hong Duc University Journal of Science, E6, Vol.11, P (42 - 53), 2020
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Hong Duc University Journal of Science, E6, Vol.11, P (54 - 61), 2020
SOLUTIONS FOR DEVELOPING AQUACULTURE AND AQUATIC
PRODUCTS CONSUMPTION IN COASTAL AREAS OF THANH HOA
PROVINCE
Le Thi Minh Hue, Pham Thi Ngoc1
Received: 10 August 2020/ Accepted: 1 September 2020/ Published: September 2020
Abstract: Thanh Hoa province which has a coastline of more than 100 km brings many
advantages to the development of aquaculture. In recent years, aquaculture has developed
rapidly, quite comprehensively, positively contributing to the growth of the agriculture and
socio-economic development of coastal districts. However, in the process of producing and
consuming aquatic products in these areas, there are still many difficulties and shortcomings.
In this study, the authors focus on SWOT analysis to show the potentials and challenges of
aquaculture and consumption of some key aquatic products (Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus
Vannamei). From which, the authors propose solutions to develop aquaculture and the
consumption of those key aquatic products in the coastal area of Thanh Hoa province.
Keywords: Aquatic products, aquaculture, consuming, Meretrix lyrata, Litopenaeus
Vannamei, coastal area, Thanh Hoa province.
1. Introduction
Fishery is an important industry in the economy of Vietnam. The Prime Minister's
Decision No. 332/QD-TTg dated March 3rd, 2011, mentioned rapid development of aquaculture
in industrialization, modernization, efficiency, high competitiveness and sustainable
development orientation; to become the main production industry that provides raw materials
for export and domestic consumption; at the same time creating more jobs, increasing income
for farmers and fishermen, ensuring social security, contributing to poverty reduction and
protecting national security. The Decision No. 1445/QD-TTg dated August 16th, 2013 of the
Prime Minister clearly stated that the fisheries sector will basically be industrialized by 2020,
modernized by 2030 and continue developing comprehensively and effectively and becoming a
large production industry, with reasonable production structure and forms, with high
productivity, quality, efficiency and competitiveness. The estimated total fishery production
would be about 7.0 million tons; Seafood export value would be about 11 billion USD.
The coastal area of Thanh Hoa province, with 6 districts, towns and cities, has
potentials for developing aquaculture. Thanh Hoa province plans to orient and focus on
raising Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus Vannamei (Meretrix lyrata takes advantage of the
existing coastal areas, and Litopenaeus Vannamei is a product with the orientation to expand
Le Thi Minh Hue, Pham Thi Ngoc
Faculty of Economic and Bussiness Administration, Hong Duc University
54
Hong Duc University Journal of Science, E6, Vol.11, P (54 - 61), 2020
and meet the needs of consumers with higher efficiency). However, in the process of
producing and consuming aquatic products in coastal areas, there are still many difficulties
and shortcomings such as: Policy access is not timely and sufficient; consumption market is
not stable, production resources such as food, seeds, labor are still weak, the environment is
still polluted, etc. Therefore, there should be key solutions to develop aquaculture and
consume aquatic products in coastal areas of Thanh Hoa province towards the strategic goals.
In this study, we focus on SWOT analysis to see the potentials and challenges in
aquaculture and consumption of aquaculture (Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus Vannamei).
From which, we propose solutions to develop farming and consumption of some key aquatic
products in the coastal area of Thanh Hoa province.
2. Research results and discussion
2.1. Current status of cultivating some aquatic products in Thanh Hoa coastal areas
The aquaculture area is divided by district
Thanh Hoa province has a coastline of more than 100km; it has many advantages in the
development of aquaculture. In recent years, aquaculture has developed rapidly, quite
comprehensively, positively contributing to the growth of the agriculture and socio-economic
development of coastal districts. With 5 districts including Quang Xuong, Nghi Son, Hoang
Hoa, Nga Son, Hau Loc and Sam Son city; aquaculture occupies the majority of the
aquaculture area of the province and is increasing. Aquaculture area of the coastal areas in
2019 was 9.358 hectares, accounting for 46,5% of the aquaculture area of the province, the
growth rate in 2019 compared to 2015 was 24.4%; This proves the potential for aquaculture
in the coastal area of Thanh Hoa province has been exploited popularly.
Table 1. Aquaculture area in coastal areas of Thanh Hoa province, 2015 - 2019
Area (ha)
2017
Comparison (%)
2019/2015
124.4
Item
2015
2016
2018
2019
The whole province 16.156 16.340 17.058 18.504 20.098
Coastal area
Sam Son
7.904 8.026
58 213
8.086
171
8.695
158
9.358
139
118.4
239.7
Hoang Hoa
Nghi Sơn
Quang Xuong
Hau Loc
2.150 2.183
1.008 1.022
1.450 1.319
1.720 1.769
1.518 1.520
2.384
849
1.265
1.768
1.649
2.423
855
1.377
1.920
1.962
2.692
1.067
1.271
2.138
2.051
125.2
105.9
87.7
124.3
Nga Son
135.1
Source: Thanh Hoa Statistical Office, 2019
The increase of aquaculture areas in coastal areas shows the right direction under the
guiding presented in the Fishery Law of Vietnam, contributing to the strategy of restructuring
the fisheries sector of Thanh Hoa province. However, due to regional characteristics, the
aquaculture area is unevenly distributed among districts and the development rate is also
different. In 2019, Hoang Hoa district had the largest aquaculture area of 2.692 hectares
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Hong Duc University Journal of Science, E6, Vol.11, P (54 - 61), 2020
(accounting for 28,8%) while Hau Loc district reaches 2.138 hectares. The changes in the rate
of aquaculture development in different districts are due to the planning of agricultural land for
projects; the transition, merge and division of administrative boundaries.
Area distributed by species
Coastal aquaculture in Thanh Hoa province is characterized by development of diverse
species adapted to the environment. Tiger shrimp as largest farming area and was accounted for
44% of aquaculture area in 2019. The area of tiger shrimp farming is decreasing slightly
because many households have invested in infrastructure and technology to switch to intensive
farming with the new type of shrimp farming. Therefore, the area of Litopenaeus Vannamei
has increased significantly, although only 2.9%. Litopenaeus Vannamei develops in line with
the general trend of Vietnam's shrimp farming industry to meet the tastes of consumers and is the
orientation in the development strategy of the aquaculture industry in Thanh Hoa province [3].
That is also very effective, creating jobs for many laborers in the region, but without
professional qualifications, it will lead to high risks of unsustainability such as its impact on the
farming environment around the region. With the advantage of coastal area, being able to
exploit for breeding mollusks, especially Meretrix lyrata which is a typical breed of 16% in the
war zone. At present, Meretrix lyrata concentrates mainly in Hau Loc and Nga Son districts.
Chart 1. Area of aquaculture in coastal Chart 2. Aquaculture area structure in coastal
areas by species, 2015-2019
Source: Summary of reports on fisheries sector in coastal districts 2015-2019
Productivity and volume of aquaculture in coastal areas
areas by species in 2019
Meretrix lyrata has high productivity (10 tons/ ha/ year) compared to other aquatic species
(tiger shrimp is only 0.27 tons/ ha/ year). The remarkable yield of Litopenaeus Vannamei
averaged 11.54 tons/ ha/ crop), because this farm was usually raised 2 crops/ year, compared with
tiger shrimp raised 1 crop/ year. Along with the increase in the aquaculture area, the aquaculture
production in the coastal area is quite high, accounting for 55.8% of the total aquaculture
production of the province, of which the Meretrix lyrata production is the highest with 15.000
tons. Thus, the farming of Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus Vannamei are only in the coastal area.
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Hong Duc University Journal of Science, E6, Vol.11, P (54 - 61), 2020
2.2. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges for the development of aquaculture
and consumption of some key aquatic products in coastal areas of Thanh Hoa province
2.2.1. Strengths (S)
Coastal zone has potential of climatic conditions and terrain for the development of
aquaculture Meretrix lyrata, with 102 km long coastline, stretching along the coast is the river
mouth and distributed all districts and cities in the coastal area. The coastal sandy land has an
average elevation of 3-6 m; there are large tidal zones that are favorable for Meretrix lyrata.
This is also a condition for forming the water environment for Litopenaeus Vannamei.
More than 20 years experience of raising Meretrix lyrata (from 1996 the first clam was
kept in Nghi Sơn, then replicated in the following years, to other coastal districts), and 18
years experience of raising Litopenaeus Vannamei (starting from 2002).
Road and waterway transportation in coastal areas is convenient for trade, tourism
development, creating opportunities for the consumption of aquatic products (Tourism in
Sam Son, Hai Tien, Hai Hoa, Quang Loi, etc.). In 2019 - 2020, Sam Son city, and Nghi Son
town has created more advantages in developing the aquatic products consumption market in
general and for Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus Vannamei in particular.
Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus Vannamei is exported products, which have majority
market in China and the EU. In the future, the market share and product consumption in other
countries is also gradually expanding.
2.2.2. Weaknesses (W)
The productivity of Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus Vannamei are low compared to
other regions, such as Nam Dinh reached 17 tons/ ha/ year (Coastal area of Thanh Hoa
province reached 10 tons/ ha/ year). The quality of Meretrix lyrata is still low, the consistency
and uniformity of the clam is not high. Litopenaeus Vannamei productivity in the coastal area
of Thanh Hoa province reached about 11 tons/ ha/ crop, meanwhile the Southern Provinces
achieved higher productivity.
The level of access to policies related to farming aquatic products is limited, only
through the passive direction of agricultural extension workers and local authorities. The
famers‟ have not yet grasped the opportunity to access.
Aquatic product processing facilities are weak: Meretrix lyrata processing factories are
not yet available in the area. Some shrimp processing and exporting factories have weak
infrastructure, few functions of collecting, preliminarily processing and preserving fresh
products for export.
The association is simple, not effective yet. Vertical and horizontal linking is still
simple; it has not been paid much attention. This is a difficulty in farming and consumption,
especially the weakness in chain linkage.
The consumer market is not stable, the export market share is not large; almost
products from Meretrix lyrata of Thanh Hoa are only for domestic consumption or small
export to the Chinese market. The main reason is the change in color of Meretrix lyrata and
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Hong Duc University Journal of Science, E6, Vol.11, P (54 - 61), 2020
poor quality. This is due to the high density of Meretrix lyrata and water sources are polluted
in many places. The product's origin has not been traced. Modern channels of consumption
are still limited and difficult.
Farming conditions: Inadequate infrastructure, seed supply is difficult, quality labor is
low, lack of capital is the difficulties in raising Meretrix lyrata and shrimp.
2.2.3. Opportunities (O)
Convenient international exchange is an opportunity to develop markets for products,
especially when Vietnam joins world organizations. Especially in the context of the
development orientation of Thanh Hoa province is to become one of the four northern
economic poles along with Hanoi, Quang Ninh and Hai Phong.
The area of tiger shrimp farming to Litopenaeus Vannamei farming is being
encouraged and selected. The planned farming area in 2025 will reach 710 hectares (also
possibly expanding to 450 hectares) [3] .
Government attention: The orientation of restructuring the fisheries and aquaculture
sector has also been interested in such as supporting policies on bidding for Meretrix lyrata
farm, loan policy for changing shrimp farming areas, guidance on technical support, fishery
infrastructure has been upgraded and newly built by the province and localities.
Consumers tend to use natural products, replacing other food, so they tend to use
Meretrix lyrata and Vannamei Shrimp.
Exportpotential: Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus Vannamei are two products with
relatively large export volume. It is forecasted that by 2025, Litopenaeus Vannamei of
Vietnam will be exported to US with the value of $6541 million (76% of shrimp export
value) [5].
2.2.4. Threats(T)
There are many seafood products competing with Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus
Vannamei in the coastal area of Thanh Hoa province (There are 28 coastal provinces in the
whole country; many coastal areas thrive to raise Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus Vannamei).
Pollution from aquaculture, seafood processing, and polluted water cause risks in
farming. Climate change also affects aquaculture. The waste treatment in the Litopenaeus
Vannamei farming areas still has many facilities that do not arrange settling ponds or do not
ensure the capacity to store and filter wastewater. This causes the risk of environmental
pollution, causes epidemics to spread and breaks out in concentrated aquaculture areas, etc.
Climate change has a negative impact on the agricultural sector. Meretrix lyrata and
Litopenaeus Vannamei have a quite strong impact; (1) Effect of temperature: An increasing
in temperature could reduce fisheries production in ponds and lakes; (2) The effects of
droughts, floods, and thunderstorms, decreasing salinity in ponds suddenly beyond the
tolerance level, causing shock, death or slow growth; (3) Impacts of sea level rise on the
fisheries sector [4].
From there, the SWOT model is built in Table 2.
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Hong Duc University Journal of Science, E6, Vol.11, P (54 - 61), 2020
Table 2. SWOT model
Opportunities (O)
Threats(T)
Convenient international exchange.
The ability to expand the farming area of Litopenaeus
Vannamei is still large.
The attention of the State.
Needs of consumers increasing.
There are many
competitive products.
Pollution from aquaculture
wastewater,seafood
processing.
SWOT
Litopenaeus Vannamei is Having the most potential to
Climate Change
export.
Strengths (S)
There is potential in natural conditions.
Experienced in farming.
Road and waterway traffic is convenient.
Export product
Strengths - Opportunities (SO)
Expanding export markets.
Expanding the farming area of Litopenaeus Vannamei
like implementing the planning of the farming area.
Creating conditions to register the origin of products;
issuing Viet GAP certificate toViet GAP farm.
Strengths - Threats (ST)
Searching for new
consumer markets.
Increasing application of
technical progress.
Taking solutions toreduce
environmental pollution.
Weaknesses - Threats (WT
Exploiting market in the
province.
Orienting farmers to aware
and adapt to climate
change.
Weaknesses (W)
)
Weaknesses - Opportunities (WO)
Complete policy; Improve access to policies for Meretrix
The productivity of Meretrix lyrata and Vannamei
Shrimpis low compared to other regions.
Missing policies; Policy access remains difficulty.
Aquatic product proce-ssing establishments are weak.
The association is simple, not effective yet.
The consumer market is not stable; the share of
export is not broad.
lyrata and Litopenaeus Vannamei farming in terms of capital
Encouraging investment in developing and processing
aquaculture.
Strengthening links in farming and consumption of
Litopenaeus Vannamei, Meretrix lyrata, especially chain
linkage.
Promoting investment and awareness of high quality seed.
Increasing investment in regional infrastructure for
Meretrix lyrata and Litopenaeus Vannamei; support for
production loans, control seed and feed supply.
Train to improve the quality of labor to meet farming techniques,
and improve the capacity to access consumer markets.
.
Controlling imported seed.
The conditions for farming:
Infrastructure is weak; Limited quality seed
supply, control of feed for Litopenaeus Vannamei
is difficult; The quality of labor has not met
the requirements of farming techniques, the capacity
to access the market is limited; Lack of funds.
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Hong Duc University Journal of Science, E6, Vol.11, P (54 - 61), 2020
3. Some solutions to develop farming and consumption of some key aquatic products in
coastal areas of Thanh Hoa province
First, Complete and improve the accessibility of policies, plan to support farming and
consumption of some key aquatic products: It is necessary to have policies which support
production, capital, seeds, supplies, advanced scientific and technological approach, technical
training, infrastructure and farming areas; linking production and consumption; attracting
businesses to participate in the production chain; Research and implement insurance policies
in fisheries, especially insurance policy for key seafood products; Continue to improve the
policy access, planning aquaculture, vertical management functions.
Second, strengthen chain linkage, reorganize production by value chain from raw
material production to processing and consumption; Building typical chain models for zones:
Reorganizing production in the value chain from raw material production to consumption
processing, creating cohesion, profit and risk sharing between raw material producers and
seafood processing enterprises; Strengthening the linkage of 4 partners: government,
scientists, businesses and famers; ensuring the rights farmers; create conditions for farmers to
feel secure in production; Pilot construction link farming and consumption of Meretrix lyrata
and vannamei shrimpat one of the areas, then continues to replicate typical model other
districts in coastal areas; Developing models of cooperative groups, fisheries cooperatives
and community management practices .
Third, increase production conditions to improve efficiency for aquaculture and
consumption: (1) The farmers need to perform construction and infrastructure sufficient to
handle pollution of aquaculturewater (for vannamei, they need to invest in building settling
ponds to treat the water environment); Focus on investment and planning infrastructure for
farming areas from tiger shrimp to Litopenaeus Vannamei; (2) Strengthen technical training
program for aquaculture households, need to pay attention to popularization market news,
market approach for households; (3) Encourage banks and credit institutions to participate in
the strategic linkage between banks - enterprises - households; (4) Seed in the province did
not meet, need to actively seed source; (5) For feed supply: select suppliers, respect feed
ingredients carefully and consult technical experts.
Fourth, promote the application of technical advances in aquaculture to improve
productivity and enhance climate change adaptive capacity: Develop VietGAP farming
model to meet product quality trends and reduce disease risks.
Fifth, stabilize and develop the aquaculture consumption market: Building a joint
venture mechanism, linkage between aquaculture farmers as raw material areas with
businesses; Planning to develop a system of processing factories and commercial cold storage
to increase efficiency and regulate a stable source of raw materials; Developing modern
distribution channels in seafood consumption to encourage farmers to consume through
contracts with restaurants, processing enterprises, etc.
Sixth, minimize water pollution in aquaculture: For farmers, perfecting the infrastructure
system for farming, environmental treatment when epidemic outbreaks occur. For processing
facilities, focus on investment and operation of centralized collection systems, rational
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Hong Duc University Journal of Science, E6, Vol.11, P (54 - 61), 2020
classification of industrial and domestic solid waste; manage, store and transfer hazardous solid
waste in accordance with regulations. For State, propagate and raise community awareness
about the responsibility of environmental protection, strengthen inspection and control. For
communities in farming areas, carry out monitoring communities, concentrated farming areas
should have community management solutions in the management of the water environment.
4. Conclusion
Exploiting the advantages of coastal areas in order to develop suitable types of aquatic
products is the restructuring strategy of Thanh Hoa province in the direction of increasing
added value and promoting development of seafood consumption in coastal areas by
sustainable direction. Solutions to develop aquaculture and consuming aquatic products for
coastal areas in Thanh Hoa province will be the basis to ensure stable output, also support
original traceability, improve product reputation, and increase competitiveness to bring
higher economic efficiency to aquatic products in general and Litopenaeus Vannamei and
Meretrix lyrata in particular for the coastal areas of Thanh Hoa province.
References
[1] Division of Agriculture and Rural Development in coastal districts (2015-2019),
Report on the fisheries sector in coastal districts in 2015-2019.
[2] Institute of Fisheries Economics and Planning (2016), Report on restructuring of
Vietnam's fisheries sector.
[3] Institute of Fisheries Economy and Planning (2016), Fisheries Development Planning
to 2020 with a vision to 2030.
[4] Pham Thi Ngoc, Nguyen Thi Duong Nga and To Dung Tien (2016), Development of
sustainable clam farming in coastal areas of Thanh Hoa province, Journal of
Agriculture and Rural Development, 295 (8): 96-104.
[5] Thanh Hoa Provincial People's Committee (2014), Irrigation master plan of Thanh
Hoa province to 2020 and orientation to 2030.
[6] Thanh Hoa Statistical Office (2019), Thanh Hoa Statistical Yearbook 2019, Statistics
Publish House.
[7] Nguyen Thi Thuy Vinh (2014), An analysis of the fisheries value chain of Nghe An
province. Economic doctoral thesis, Vietnam Academy of Agriculture.
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