Effects of calcium levels in artificial pellet feed on the growth and survival rate of black apple snails (Pila polita)
ISSN 2588-1299
VJAS 2019; 2(2): 387-396
Vietnam Journal
of Agricultural
Sciences
Effects of Calcium Levels in Artificial Pellet
Feed on the Growth and Survival Rate of
Black Apple Snails (Pila polita)
Le Van Binh & Ngo Thi Thu Thao
College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different
dietary calcium levels on the growth and survival rate of black apple
snails (Pila polita) in the grow-out period. There were 3 replicates
for each treatment and the snails were fed with five calcium levels
(% dry matter) in diet as follows: 1% (Ca1), 3% (Ca3), 5% (Ca5),
7% (Ca7), and 9% (Ca9). Two-month-old juveniles with an average
initial body weight of 2.13g, shell height of 21.71mm, and shell
width of 16.35mm were reared in tarpaulin tanks (1 × 1 × 1m; 40cm
water depth) at the density of 100 individuals per tank. After 4
months of the rearing period, the average body weight, shell height,
and shell width of the snails reached the highest values in the Ca5
treatment (28.43g, 54.97mm, and 40.09mm, respectively) and these
values were significantly different compared to the remaining
calcium contents (Ca1, Ca3, Ca7, and Ca9). The survival rate of the
snails in Ca3 (75.7%) was higher than in Ca1 and Ca7 (74.7%), Ca5
(73.7%), and Ca9 (71.7%). However, the survival rate was not
significantly different among the treatments. Snails in Ca5 obtained
the highest productivity (2.88 kg m-2) and this value was
significantly different from Ca1 (2.55 kg m-2) and Ca9 (2.35 kg m-2).
The results of this study showed that the growth rate and
productivity of black apple snails were highest when they consumed
a diet containing 5% calcium. The optimum requirement of calcium
for the black apple snails in the grow-out period was 4.51%.
Keywords
Black apple snail, growth, dietary calcium, survival rate
Introduction
Mollusks rely on calcium for the growth of their shell and thus,
are highly dependent on calcium availability for survival. Harrison
et al. (1970) already reported the reduced growth rate, survival, and
reproductive output of snails in low calcium environments. The
most important site of calcium deposition in gastropods is the shell,
where it constitutes 97% of the shell weight (Heller & Magaritz,
Received: Feburary 13, 2019
Accepted: July 2, 2019
Correspondence to
387
Effect of calcium levels in artificial pellet feed on the growth and survival rate of black apple snails
1983; Marxen & Becker, 2000). Calcium is also
deposited in the digestive gland, connective
tissue cells, foot tissue, and around major blood
vessels (Tompa & Watabe, 1976; Marxen &
Becker, 2000). Although shell-building animals
in particular need to obtain calcium, it is also
required for other functions, including blood
(10o20′40,6″N;
Freshwater was pumped from the river to the
settling tanks (10m3) for 7 days and then
supplied to the culture tanks.
105o47′04,8″E),
Vietnam.
This experiment included five feeding
treatments with different calcium levels and
three replicates per treatment as follows: 1%
(Ca1), 3% (Ca3), 5% (Ca5), 7% (Ca7), and 9%
(Ca9). P. polita juveniles were cultured in 1m2
(1 × 1 × 1m; 40cm water depth) tarpaulin tanks
at the density of 100 ind. m-2 (Binh et al., 2012;
Binh & Thao, 2018). Two feeding trays
(diameters of 20cm) and two nylon bunch
substrates (diameters of 50cm) were laid at the
bottom of each tank. The experiment was
conducted for 4 months. The ingredients used
and proximate compositions of the experimental
diets are presented in Table 1.
clotting,
muscle
function,
and
nerve
transmission in other animals (Ireland, 1993).
Chaitanawisuti et al. (2010) indicated that the
calcium needs of species belonging to
Gastropoda class are higher than others. Under
certain conditions, calcium removed from the
shell will lead to edgrowth in some gastropods
(Harrison et al., 1970; Tompa & Watabe, 1976).
Besides, the growth and survival of species
belonging to Gastropoda are affected when
calcium levels decrease or come from a
different origin (Oluokun et al., 2005;
Egonmwan, 2008; Kouassi, 2008; Badmos et
al., 2016; Binh et al., 2017). Dietary calcium is
an essential nutrient for the growth,
reproduction, and construction of the shell in
terrestrial gastropods (Marxen et al., 2003;
Egonmwan, 2008; Glass & Darby, 2009;
Dalesman & Lukowiak, 2013). The growth rate
is directly proportional to the concentration of
calcium in the diet. Pawson & Chase (1984)
showed that the growth rate of giant African
snails (Achatina fulica) is reduced as calcium
The snails were fed twice a day (at 7:00 and
18:00) with a quantity of 4% of the average
snail body weight in each tank. The water
volume in the cultured tanks was renewed 30%
after a cycle of 10 days.
Food preparation
The experimental diets were formulated
into pellets from ingredients including fish
meal, soybean meal, wheat flour, soy oil,
calcium powder (CaCO3 99% - calcium
carbonate), vitamin premix, mineral premix, and
CMC. The dry ingredients, fish meal, wheat
flour, vitamin premix, mineral premix, and
CMC, were weighed according to the ratios in
Table 1 and mixed well under dry conditions.
The soybean meal was cooked, allowed to cool
down to a temperature around 40-50oC, and
then mixed with the dry ingredients together
with soy oil. After mixing, the mixture was
pressed into a pasta machine to make the pellets.
After drying in the oven at 60oC for 24h, the
pellets were stored in the fridge at 4oC for
availability
decreases.
However,
little
information concerning the dietary calcium
content for black apple snails (Pila polita) is
available. From the above issues, an experiment
was developed to test different kinds of
processed food diets and determine the
appropriate calcium content to improve
efficiency of the black apple snail grow-out
period, while also saving costs and reducing the
impact on the water quality in the culture
environment.
experimental
feedings.
The
proximate
compositions of each diet were analyzed and the
results (Table 1) showed that the calcium levels
were in accordance with the experimental design.
Materials and Methods
Experimental design
The experimental P. polita with initial
weights ranging from 1.52 to 2.72g, shell
heights from 20.94 to 23.50mm, and shell
widths from 14.47 to 17.34mm were nursed in
the Cao Lanh district, Dong Thap province
Data collection and sample analysis
Water quality
The water temperature in the cultured tanks
was recorded twice a day at 7:00 and 14:00
388
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Le Van Binh & Ngo Thi Thu Thao (2019)
Table 1. Formulation and proximate compositions of the experimental diets (% dry matter)
Treatments
Ingredient (%)
Fish meal1
Ca1
Ca3
Ca5
Ca7
Ca9
12.50
22.80
58.70
1.00
12.50
22.95
56.42
1.00
12.50
23.08
54.28
1.00
12.50
23.22
52.14
1.00
12.50
23.36
49.99
1.00
Soybean meal2
Wheat flour
Vegetable oil
Vitamins, Minerals3
CMC4
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Calcium5
0.00
2.13
4.14
6.14
8.15
Nutrition compositions (%)
Crude protein
Crude lipid
18.50
3.38
19.50
3.78
19.30
4.08
18.50
3.66
18.90
3.71
NFE
57.18
4.46
51.29
7.91
47.51
9.08
41.28
13.34
1.70
37.30
15.73
1.45
Crude ash
Crude fiber
Moisture
1.61
1.62
1.33
13.63
0.88
12.68
2.87
12.85
5.48
13.77
7.39
13.41
9.15
Calcium
Phosphorus
0.36
0.35
0.37
0.36
0.35
Note: Parameters: Protein, lipid, ash, fiber, moisture, NFE-Nitrogen free extract, and calcium were analyzed by the Quality
Assurance and Testing Center Can Tho; 1Fish meal Kien Giang (Viet Nam); 2Soybean meal (Argentina); 3Vitamin premix and
mineral premix: Vitamin A, 2,000,000 IU; Vitamin D, 400,000 IU; Vitamin E, 6g; Vitamin B1, 800mg; Vitamin B2, 800mg; Vitamin
B12, 2mg; Calcium D. Panthotenate, 2g; Folic acid, 160mg; Vitamin C, 15g; Choline chloride, 100g; Iron (Fe2+), 1g; Zinc (Zn2+), 3g;
Manganese (Mn2+), 2g; Copper (Cu2+), 100mg; Iodine (I-), 20mg; Cobalt (Co2+), 10mg; 4Carboxymethyl cellulose; and 5Calcium
carbonate powder.
using
a
thermometer. pH levels, the
growth rate for shell width (SGRSW), feed
conversion ratio (FCR), calcium efficiency ratio
(CaER), and survival were calculated using the
following equations:
+
-
concentrations of NH4 /NH3 (TAN), NO2 , and
DO, and alkalinity in the cultured tanks were
checked weekly using a Sera test-kit (Made in
Germany).
Survival rate (%) = (Final number of
snails/Initial number of snails) × 100
Growth performance and feed utilization
At day 1 and at 15-day intervals during the
experiment, the number of snails in each tank
was counted to calculate the survival rate. To
determine the growth rate, shell heights and
shell widths were measured with an electronic
digital caliper (0.01mm), and body weights
were measured with an electronic scale (0.01g
error) for 20 snails per tank.
Biomass increase rate (BIR, %) = (Biomass
increase/Biomass initial) × 100
Feed conversion rate (FCR) = Total feed
intake (dry weight)/Weight gain (wet weight)
Productivity (P, kg m-2) = Total snail
biomass (kg) per m2 at the end of the
experiment
Calcium efficiency ratio (CaER) = Weight
gain/Calcium intake
Weight gain (WG), shell height gain (HG),
shell width gain (SWG), daily weight gain
(DWG), daily height gain (DHG), specific
growth rate for body weight (SGRBW), specific
growth rate for shell height (SGRH), specific
Feed intake (FI-mg/ind./day) = [Total feed
intake/(Initial number of snails + Final number
of snails)/2] × Days of culture
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Effect of calcium levels in artificial pellet feed on the growth and survival rate of black apple snails
Statistical analysis
DO levels varied slightly among the treatments
(4.58-4.63 mgO2 L-1), and no significant
differences were found.
The data were analyzed for mean values
and standard deviations using Excel software
(2016), and one-way ANOVA analysis followed
by the Duncan post hoc test was applied to
determine significant differences of the
collected parameters among the treatments at P
<0.05 using the SPSS program version 22.0.
The alkalinity value in Ca1 (67.6 mg
CaCO3 L-1) was the lowest, and was
significantly different compared to the values
for Ca3, Ca7, and Ca9. The concentrations of
-
TAN and NO2 varied from 0.65 to 0.74 mg L-1
and from 0.59 to 0.73 mg L-1, respectively. Ca5
showed the highest value of TAN (0.74 mg L-1),
but there was no significant difference with the
The data on the specific growth rate
(SGRW, %/day) were subjected to the quadratic
regression analysis model (Zeitoun et al., 1976)
and the optimal calcium requirement of black
apple snails was estimated.
-
other treatments. The value of NO2 in Ca5
(0.73 mg L-1) was higher than in the other
treatments.
Results and Discussion
Growth performance of black apple snails
Water quality parameters
The average body weights, shell heights,
and shell widths of P. polita fed formulated
diets with different concentrations of calcium
for four months are illustrated in Table 3. The
snails reached the highest values of these three
traits in Ca5 (28.43g, 54.97mm, and 40.09mm,
respectively) which were significantly different
from the values in the other treatments.
The mean values of the environmental
parameters are shown in Table 2. During the
experiment, the average temperature remained
at 25.3oC in the morning and ranged from
27.5oC to 27.8oC in the afternoon, with daily
fluctuations around 2.6oC (0.5-4.7oC; Figure 1).
There were no significant differences in
temperature among the treatments.
The results also indicated that the daily
weight gain and specific growth rate were
highest in the Ca5 treatment (0.22 g/day and
2.17 %/day, respectively), and lowest in Ca9
(0.18 g/day and 2.02 %/day, respectively).
pH levels in all the treatments were in the
range of 7.94-8.06. The highest pH was
measured in Ca9 (8.06) and this value was not
significantly different to those in Ca5 or Ca7. In
addition, there were no significant differences
among the pH values of 7.94, 7.96, and 8.01 for
the treatments Ca1, Ca3, and Ca5, respectively.
Significant differences for these traits were
detected among the treatments. Similarly, the
highest daily height gain and specific growth
30
Morning
Afternoon
29
28
27
26
25
24
1
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10 110 120
Rearing days
Figure 1. Fluctuations in the morning and afternoon temperatures during the experimental period
390
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Le Van Binh & Ngo Thi Thu Thao (2019)
Table 2. Mean values of the environmental parameters during the experimental period
Diets
Ca1
Ca3
Ca5
Ca7
Ca9
Calcium levels (%DM)
1
3
5
7
9
Morning
25.3a ± 1.0
27.6a ± 1.6
4.61a ± 0.28
7.94a ± 0.32
0.65a ± 0.10
0.59a ± 0.03
67.6a ± 1.1
25.3a ± 1.0
27.6a ± 1.4
4.63a ± 0.31
7.96ab ± 0.24
0.71a ± 0.11
0.66b ± 0.03
71.5bc ± 2.5
25.3a ± 0.9
27.8a ± 1.4
4.61a ± 0.26
8.01abc ± 0.28
0.74a ± 0.11
0.73c ± 0.02
70.2ab ± 1.0
25.3a ± 1.0
27.5a ± 1.6
4.63a ± 0.26
8.03bc ± 0.23
0.72a ± 0.01
0.67d ± 0.02
74.2cd ± 1.7
25.3a ±0 .9
27.5a ± 1.5
4.58a ± 0.22
8.06c ± 0.21
0.66a ± 0.07
0.69bc ± 0.01
75.2c ± 2.6
Temperatue (oC)
Afternoon
Oxy (mg O2 L-1)
pH
TAN (mg L-1)
NO2- (mg L-1)
Alkalinity (mgCaCO3 L-1)
Note: The mean values in the same row with different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05).
Table 3. Mean (± SE) growth rates of black apple snails fed on different calcium levels
Diets
Ca1
1
Ca3
3
Ca5
5
Ca7
7
Ca9
9
Calcium level (% DM)
Body weight
2.11a ± 0.01
25.47b± 0.30
23.36b ± 0.30
2.14a ± 0.05
27.21d ± 0.22
25.07d ± 0.17
2.10a ± 0.06
28.43e ± 0.35
26.33e ± 0.40
2.14a ± 0.07
26.47c ± 0.33
24.33c ± 0.26
2.15a ± 0.03
24.20a ± 0.56
22.04a ± 0.57
Initial (g)
Final (g)
WG (g)
0.19b ± 0.00
2.08b ± 0.01
0.21c ± 0.00
2.12c ± 0.01
0.22d ± 0.00
2.17d ± 0.03
0.20bc ± 0.00
2.10bc ± 0.02
0.18a ± 0.00
2.02a ± 0.02
DWG (g/day)
SGRBW (%/day)
Shell height
21.61a ± 0.13
52.73b ± 0.15
31.12b ± 0.03
0.26b ± 0.00
0.74b ± 0.00
21.75a ± 0.08
53.93c ± 0.63
32.18c ± 0.67
0.27c ± 0.01
0.76bc ± 0.01
21.74a ± 0.09
54.97d ± 0.58
33.23d ± 0.62
0.28d ± 0.01
0.77c ± 0.01
21.72a ± 0.19
53.29bc ± 0.37
31.57bc ± 0.25
0.26b ± 0.00
0.75b ± 0.00
21.75a ± 0.10
51.69a ± 0.27
29.94a ± 0.35
0.25a ± 0.00
0.72a ± 0.01
Initial (mm)
Final (mm)
HG (mm)
DLG (mm/day)
SGRL (%/day)
Shell width
16.27a ± 0.05
38.17b ± 0.06
21.89b ± 0.05
0.18b ± 0.00
0.71b ± 0.02
16.34a ± 0.06
39.25c ± 0.48
22.91cd ± 0.43
0.19cd ± 0.01
0.73bc ± 0.02
16.38a ± 0.23
40.09d ± 0.64
23.72d ± 0.86
0.20d ± 0.01d
0.75c ± 0.02
16.37a ± 0.13
38.66bc ± 0.11
22.29bc ± 0.07
0.19bc ± 0.00
0.72b ± 0.01
16.40a ± 0.09
37.32a ± 0.23
20.93a ± 0.23
0.17a ± 0.00
0.69a± 0.01
Initial (mm)
Final (mm)
SWG (mm)
DWG (mm/day)
SGRSW (%/day)
Note: The mean values in the same row with different letters indicate the significant differences (P <0.05).
estimation of the optimal calcium level could be
described as:
Y= -0.0067x2 + 0.0602x + 2.0173, R2 = 0.9295
rate for shell height were observed in the Ca5
treatment and showed significant differences
with the other treatments.
The specific growth rates for body weight
(SGRBW, %/day) of the snails were fitted into
quadratic models (Figure 2). The best fit for the
where Y is the SGRBW and x is the
percentage of dietary calcium. The trend of the
growth curve showed that the SGRBW reached
391
Effect of calcium levels in artificial pellet feed on the growth and survival rate of black apple snails
the maximum value (2.154 %/day) when the
diet contained 4.51% calcium.
The biomass increasing rate and
productivity reached their maximum values in
the Ca5 treatment (640% and 2.88 kg m-2,
respectively) and these values were significantly
different compared to the other treatments.
Meanwhile, the Ca9 treatment had the lowest
values (544% and 2.35 kg m-2, respectively).
Survival rate, biomass increase rate,
productivity, feed conversion rate, and calcium
efficiency ratio of black apple snails
The survival rate of the snails in all the
treatments decreased gradually during the 4
months of culture (Figure 3) and was not
significantly different among treatments, with
values in the range of 71.7 to 75.7%.
The FCR values ranged from 1.22 to 1.39.
The Ca3 treatment had the lowest FCR value
(1.22) which was not significantly different
from the values of Ca1, Ca5, and Ca7 (Table 4).
Figure 2. Relationship between the specific growth rate for body weight (SGRBW) and dietary calcium levels (%DM) for
black apple snails (P. polita)
100
90
80
Ca1
Ca3
30
Ca5
Ca7
Ca9
70
1
60
Rearing days
90
120
Figure 3. Survival rate of black apple snails during the experiment period
392
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Le Van Binh & Ngo Thi Thu Thao (2019)
The highest CaER value was recorded in
the Ca1 treatment (2343%) and was
significantly different compared to Ca3 (868%),
Ca5 (534%), Ca7 (354%), and Ca9 (237%). The
FI values varied from 302 to 331 mg/ind./day
and the Ca9 treatment presented the lowest FI
value (302 mg/ind./day) (Table 5).
apple snails increased when the calcium levels
increased from 1 to 5%, and then decreased as
the calcium levels continued to increase from 5
to 9%. These results are similar to those in
other Gastropoda species (Coote et al., 1996;
Briers, 2003; Oluokun et al. 2005; Egonmwan,
2008; Chaitanawisuti et al., 2010; Badmos et
al., 2016; Binh et al., 2017; Thao & Binh,
2017). The best growth was observed in black
apple snails fed a diet with 5% calcium
content.
Discussion
The pH and alkalinity levels increased as
the calcium levels increased due to the higher
calcium content of the treatments. The calcium
source was from CaCO3. Ions of Ca2+ were
absorbed by the snails for the growth of their
Brodersen & Madsen (2003) reported that
snails raised at lower calcium concentrations
were significantly smaller than snails raised at
higher concentrations. Egonmwan (2008) found
that after 30 weeks of culture, the mean weight
and shell length of Limicolaria flammea fed
food containing calcium carbonate were
1150mg and 20.75mm, respectively, which
were significantly higher than the others fed
with no calcium (950mg and 17.5mm,
respectively). Oluokun et al. (2005) indicated
that Archachatina marginata fed a diet with 8%
calcium had the highest mean weight (234g),
while those fed with 4% calcium had the lowest
mean weight (198g). Similarly, Adou et al.
(2011) showed that with the diet containing
12.02% calcium, Achatina achatina increased in
body weight up to 96.78g and had a low rate of
cumulative mortality (11%) compared to the
14% calcium diet (73.03g and 12%,
2-
shells and then ions of CO3 were released into
the water which led to the increase in alkalinity
as the calcium level increased. According to
Binh et al. (2017) and Thao & Binh (2017), the
mean values of alkalinity ranged from 60.1-71.9
mg L-1 when rearing snails with different
calcium contents. In addition, Glass & Darby
(2009) and Dalesman & Lukowiak (2013)
suggested that fast-growing species of snails
will have a greater demand for calcium to
support shell formation, resulting in a lower
alkalinity of the nursing environment.
The goal of this study was to determine the
optimum level of calcium in the diet that would
maximize the growth of black apple snails. Our
results showed that the weight gain of black
Table 4. Survival rate (SR), biomass increasing rate (BIR), and productivity (P) of black apple snails fed on different calcium levels
Diets
Calcium level (% DM)
SR (%)
Ca1
1
Ca3
3
Ca5
5
Ca7
7
Ca9
9
74.0a ± 2.6
594ab ± 22
75.7a ± 2.5
600ab ± 10
73.7a ± 2.9
640b ± 17
74.0a ± 4.4
593ab ± 30
71.7a ± 6.0
544a ± 52
2.35a ± 0.19
BIR (%)
P (kg m-2)
2.55ab ± 0.12 2.82bc ± 0.12 2.88c ± 0.12 2.69bc ±0.17
Note: The values in the same row with different letters indicate the significant differences (P <0.05).
Table 5. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), calcium efficiency ratio (CaER), and feed intake (FI) of black apple snails fed on different
calcium levels
Diets
Calcium level (% DM)
FCR
Ca1
1
Ca3
3
Ca5
5
Ca7
7
Ca9
9
1.34ab ± 0.10
2343e ± 116
315b ± 4
1.22a ± 0.05
868d ± 37
322bc ± 5
1.24a ± 0.06
534c ± 24
331c ± 6
1.27ab ± 0.05
354b ±24
317b ± 2
1.39b ± 0.03
237a ± 21
302a ± 11
CaER (%)
FI (mg/ind./day)
Note: The mean values in the same row with different letters indicate the significant differences (P <0.05).
393
Effect of calcium levels in artificial pellet feed on the growth and survival rate of black apple snails
respectively) and the 16% calcium diet (76.75g
and 13%, respectively). Aman et al. (2011)
revealed that using oyster shell powder, which
contains calcium, as the substrate could affect
the growth of the snail Archachatina marginata.
When the substrates were amended with 30%
oyster shell powder with a calcium content of
7.7%, the bodyweight growth was 0.86 g/day
and the shell growth was 0.39 mm/day. This
value decreased when the amount of oyster shell
powder was reduced. In Babylonia areolate,
Chaitanawisuti et al. (2010) demonstrated that a
diet supplemented with 7% calcium resulted in
spotted Babylon snails that had a significantly
higher specific growth rate for length (0.37
%/day) than those fed diets supplemented with
4% calcium (0.32%/day). Numerous studies
have previously demonstrated the importance of
result was comparable to that of Binh & Thao
(2018) who found the BIR was 436-511%. The
productivity of black apple snails after four
months of culture was in the range of 2.35-2.88
kg m-2, similar with the study results of Binh &
Thao (2017) and (2018) who measured
productivity to be 2.31-3.15 kg m-2 at the snail
density of 100 ind m-2 when feeding with pellets
(18% protein; 2.4% calcium).
The calcium efficiency rate (CaER) of
black apple snails decreased as the calcium level
in the diet increased. Our study found that the
FCR of black apple snails increased when the
calcium levels increased from 5% to 9%.
Chaitanawisuti et al. (2010) demonstrated that
Babylonia areolate fed with a 4% calcium diet
had an FCR value (2.47) lower than those fed
with a 7% calcium diet (2.76). Oulokun et al.
(2005) studied Archachatina marginata and
found that the FCR was highest (6.49) when the
snails were fed a diet with a 4% calcium content
and tended to decrease when the calcium
content increased to 6% (5.36) and 8% (5.25).
The feed intake (FI) of black apple snails
increased as the calcium level increased from 1
to 5% and then decreased when calcium level
increased to 9%. The explanation for this is
related to the amount of calcium absorbed by
the snails. With a diet of 5% calcium content,
black apple snails had the highest growth rate
and then the rate started to decrease as the
calcium level increased.
calcium as
a
factor determining the
development and wellbeing of snails.
Our findings showed that snails in the
experiment had a good growth trend compared
to previous studies. The results of this study and
previous studies have shown that freshwater
gastropods (Pila polita, Pomacea paludosa,
Achatina achatina, and Limicolaria flammea)
require a diet higher in calcium content than
marine species (Babylonia areolata and Huliotis
laeuigata). A diet with levels of calcium in a
suitable range will ensure optimum growth.
However, if the content of calcium exceeded the
body’s needs, then the growth rate of the snail
would decrease (Coote et al., 1996; Oluokun et
al., 2005; Kritsanapuntu et al., 2006;
Chaitanawisuti et al., 2010; Badmos et al.,
2016; Binh et al., 2017).
Conclusions
The concentration of calcium in the diet did
not affect the survival rate of black apple snails
during the culture period.
The survival rate of black apple snails after
four months of culture ranged from 71.7 to
75.7% and there were no significant differences
among the treatments. Ireland (1990) found that
during four months culturing Achatina fulica,
mortality was low and occurred in snails on the
lower calcium diets. Chaitanawisuti et al.
(2010) reported that the survival rate of
Babylonia areolate with different levels of
dietary calcium (1%, 4%, and 7%) did not affect
survival (91.0-94.9%).
After 4 months of culture, the growth of
black apple snails (Pila polita) had maximum
values in terms of body weight, shell height, and
shell width when the snails were fed a diet
containing 5% calcium.
The addition of calcium levels to 5% to the
total diet of black apple snails (Pila polita)
would be beneficial in terms of weight gain and
productivity. The estimation for the optimum
requirement of calcium for black apple snail
growth was 4.51% dry matter of total diet.
The biomass increasing rate (BIR) was
highest in the 5% calcium diet (640%). This
394
Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Le Van Binh & Ngo Thi Thu Thao (2019)
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Nguyen
Thi Ngan Son, Le Thi Hong Tuoi, and Phung
Huu Tam for their help during the experiment.
Dalesman S. & Lukowiak K. (2013). Effect of acute
exposure to low environmental calcium on respiration
and locomotion in Lymnaea stagnalis. The Journal of
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