Dependency-based pre-ordering for English-Vietnamese statistical machine translation
VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
Dependency-based Pre-ordering For English-Vietnamese
Statistical Machine Translation
Tran Hong Viet1,2,*, Nguyen Van Vinh2, Vu Thuong Huyen3, Nguyen Le Minh4
1University of Economic and Technical Industries, Hanoi, Vietnam
2VNU University of Engineering and Technology, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
3Thuy Loi University, Hanoi, Vietnam
4Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technolog
Abstract
Reordering is a major challenge in machine translation (MT) between two languages with significant
differences in word order. In this paper, we present an approach as pre-processing step based on a dependency
parser in phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) to learn automatic and manual reordering rules from
English to Vietnamese. The dependency parse trees and transformation rules are used to reorder the source
sentences and applied for systems translating from English to Vietnamese. We evaluated our approach on
English-Vietnamese machine translation tasks, and showed that it outperforms the baseline phrase-based
SMT system.
Received 16 May 2017; Revised 07 Sep 2017; Accepted 29 Sep 2017
Keywords: Natural Language Processing, Machine Translation, Phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation.
1. Introduction*
strengths of phrases, while incorporating syntax
into SMT. Some approaches were applied at the
word level [3]. They are useful for language
with rich morphology, for reducing data
sparseness. Other kinds of syntax reordering
methods require parser trees, such as the work
in [3]. The parsed tree is more powerful in
capturing the sentence structure. However, it is
expensive to create tree structure and build a
good quality parser. All the above approaches
require much decoding time, which is
expensive.
The approach that we are interested in is
balancing the quality of translation with
decoding time. Reordering approaches as a
preprocessing step [5, 21, 27] are very effective
(significant improvement over state of-the-art
Phrase-based statistical machine translation
[8] is the state-of-the-art of SMT because of its
power in modelling short reordering and local
context. However, with phrase-based SMT,
long distance reordering is still problematic.
The reordering problem (global reordering) is
one of the major problems, since different
languages have different word order
requirements. In recent years, many reordering
methods have been proposed to tackle the long
distance reordering problem. Many solutions
solving the reordering problem have been
proposed, such as syntax-based model [15],
lexicalized reordering [10]. Chiang [15] shows
significant improvements by keeping the
phrase-based
translation systems and separately quality
evaluation of each reordering models).
and
hierarchical
machine
_______
* Corresponding author. E-mail.: thviet@uneti.edu.vn
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T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
15
The end-to-end neural MT (NMT) approach
[26] has recently been proposed for MT.
However, the NMT method has some
limitations that may jeopardize its ability to
generate better translation. The NMT system
usually causes a serious out-of-vocabulary
(OOV) problem, the translation quality would
be badly hurt; The NMT decoder lacks a
mechanism to guarantee that all the source
words are translated and usually favors short
translations. It is difficult for an NMT system to
benefit from target language model trained on
target monolingual corpus, which is proven to
be useful for improving translation quality in
statistical machine translation (SMT). NMT
need much more training time. In [20], NMT
requires longer time to train (18 days)
compared to their best SMT system (3 days).
compared to MOSES [7] which is the state
of-the-art phrase-based SMT system.
This paper is structured as follows: Section
1 introduces the reordering problem. Section 2
reviews the related works. Section 3 introduces
phrase-based SMT. Section 4 expresses how to
apply transformation rules for reordering the
source sentences. Section 5 presents a the
learning model in order to transform the word
order of an input sentence to an order that is
natural in the target languages. Section 6
describes experimental results; Section 7
discusses the experimental results. And,
conclusions are given in Section 8.
2. Related works
The difference of the word order between
source and target languages is the major
problem in phrase-based statistical machine
translation. Fig 1 describes an example that a
reordering approach modifies the word order of
an input sentence of a source languages
(English) in order to generate the word order of
a target languages (Vietnamese).
Many preordering methods using syntactic
information have been proposed to solve the
reordering problem. (Collin 2005; Xu 2009)
[3, 27] presented a preordering method which
used manually created rules on parse trees. In
addition, linguistic knowledge for a language
pair is necessary to create such rules. Other
preordering methods using automatic created
reordering rules or a statistical classifier were
studied [21, 28]
Collins [3] developed a clause detection and
used some handwritten rules to reorder words in
the clause. Partly, (Habash 2007) [18] built an
automatic extracted syntactic rules. Xu [27]
described a method using a dependency parse
tree and a flexible rule to perform the
reordering of subject, object, etc,... These rules
were written by hand, but [27] showed that an
automatic rule learner can be used.
Figure 1. A example of preordering for English-
Vietnamese translation.
Inspire by this preprocessing approaches,
we propose a combined approach which
preserves the strength of phrase-based SMT in
reordering and decoding time as well as the
strength of integrating syntactic information in
reordering. Firstly, the proposed method uses a
dependency parsing for preprocessing step with
training and testing. Secondly, transformation
rules are applied to reorder the source
sentences. The experimental resulting from
English-Vietnamese pair shows that our
approach achieved improvements in BLEU
scores [1] when translating from English,
Bach [13] propose a novel source-side
dependency tree reordering model for statistical
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
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machine translation, in which subtree
dependency parser of English sentence for
translating from English to Vietnamese. Base
movements and constraints are represented as
reordering events associated with the widely
used lexicalized reordering models.
on
above
studies,
we
utilize
the
English - Vietnamese transformation rules
(manual and automatic rules are extracted from
English-Vietnamese parallel corpus) that
(Genzel 2010; Lerner and Petrov 2013)
[5, 21] described a method using discriminative
classifiers to directly predict the final word
order. Cai [2] introduced a novel pre-ordering
approach based on dependency parsing for
Chinese-English SMT. Isao Goto [17]
described a preordering method using a
target-language parser via cross-language
syntactic projection for statistical machine
translation.
Joachim Daiber [16] presented a novel
examining the relationship between preordering
and word order freedom in Machine
Translation.
Chenchen Ding, [4] proposed extra-chunk
pre-ordering of morphemes which allows
Japanese functional morphemes to move across
chunk boundaries.
directly predict target-side word as
a
preprocessing step in phrase-based machine
translation. As the same with [18], we also
applied preprocessing in both training and
decoding time.
3. Brief description of the baseline
phrase-based SMT
In this section, we will describe the phrase-
based SMT system which was used for the
experiments. Phrase-based SMT, as described
by [8] translates a source sentence into a target
sentence by decomposing the source sentence
into a sequence of source phrases, which can be
any contiguous sequences of words (or tokens
treated as words) in the source sentence. For
each source phrase, a target phrase translation is
selected, and the target phrases are arranged in
some order to produce the target sentence. A set
of possible translation candidates created in this
way were scored according to a weighted linear
combination of feature values, and the highest
scoring translation candidate was selected as the
Christian Hadiwinoto presented a novel
reordering approach utilizing sparse features
based on dependency word pairs [19] and
presented a novel reordering approach utilizing
a
neural network and dependency-based
embedding to predict whether the translations
of two source words linked by a dependency
relation should remain in the same order or
should be swapped in the translated sentence
[20]. This approach is complex and spend much
time to process.
translation
of
the
source
sentence.
Symbolically,
However, there were not definitely many
studies on English-Vietnamese to SMT system
tasks. To our knowledge, no research address
reordering models for English-Vietnamese
SMT based on dependency parsing. In
comparison with these mentioned approaches,
our proposed method has some differences as
follows: We investigate to use a reordering
models for English-Vietnamese SMT using
dependency information. We study SVO
language in English-Vietnamese in order to
n
t arg maxt,a
i f j (s,t,a) (1)
i1
when s is the input sentence, t is a possible
output sentence, and a is a phrasal alignment
that specifies how t is constructed from s, and
is the selected output sentence. The weights
associated with each feature
are tuned to
maximize the quality of the translation
hypothesis selected by the decoding procedure
that computes the argmax. The log-linear model
is a natural framework to integrate many
features. The probabilities of source phrase
given target phrases, and target phrases given
recognize
the
differences
about
English-Vietnamese word labels, phrase label
as well as dependency labels. We use
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
17
source phrases, are estimated from the
bilingual corpus.
We use the dependency grammars and the
differences of word order between
Koehn [8] used the following distortion
model (reordering model), which simply
penalizes nonmonotonic phrase alignment
based on the word distance of successively
translated source phrases with an appropriate
value for the parameter :
Vietnamese and English to create a set of the
reordering rules.
(2)
Figure 3. Example about Dependency Parser
of an English sentence using Stanford Parser.
Figure 2. A example with POS tags
and dependency parser.
Moses [7] is open source toolkit for
statistical machine translation system that
allows automatically train translation models
for any language pair. When we have a trained
model, an efficient search algorithm quickly
finds the highest probability translation among
the exponential number of choices. In our work,
we also used Moses to evaluate on English-
Vietnamese machine translation tasks.
4. Dependency syntactic preprocessing
for SMT
Figure 4. Representation of the Stanford
Dependencies for the English source sentence.
Reordering approaches on English-
Vietnamese translation task have limitation. In
this paper, we firstly produce a parse tree using
dependency parser tools [11]. Figure 3 shows
an example of parsed a English sentence.
Then, we utilize some dependency relations
extracted from a statistical dependency parser to
create the dependency based on reordering
rules. Dependency parsing among words typed
with grammatical relations are proven as useful
information in some applications relative to
syntactic processing (Figure 4).
There are approximately 50 grammatical
relations in English, meanwhile there are 27
ones in Vietnamese based on [9] and the
differences of word order between English and
Vietnamese to create the set of the reordering
rules. Base on these rules, we propose an our
method which is capable of applying and
combining them simultaneously. We utilize the
word labels in [9] to analyze the extract POS
tags and head modifier dependencies.
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
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In addition, we focus on analyzing some
popular structures of English language when
translating to Vietnamese language. This
analysis can achieve remarkable improvements
in translation performance. Because English
and Vietnamese both are SVO languages, the
order of verb rarely change, we focus mainly on
some typical relations as noun phrase,
adjectival and adverbial phrase, preposition and
created manually written reordering rule set for
English-Vietnamese language pair. Inspired
from [27], our study employ dependency syntax
and transyntaxsformation rules to reorder the
source sentences and applied to English-
Vietnamese translation system.
Figure 6. An example of word reordering
phenomenon in noun phrase with adjectival
modifier (amod) and determiner modifier (det).
In this example, the noun “computer” is swapped
with the adjectival “personal”.
For example, with noun phrase, there
always exists a head noun and the components
before and after it. These auxiliary components
will move to new positions according to
Vietnamese translational order.
Let us consider an example in Figure 6,
Figure 7 to the difference of word order in
English and Vietnamese noun phrase and
adjectival and adverbial phrase.
Figure 7. An example of word reordering
phenomenon in adjectival phrase with adverbial
modifier (advmod) and determiner modifier (det).
Table 1. Handwritten rules For Reordering English
to Vietnamese using Dependency syntactic
preprocessing
4.1. Transformation rule
This section, we describe a transformation
rule.
T
(L, W, O)
JJ or JJS or JJR
(advcl,1,NORMAL)
(self,-1,NORMAL)
(aux,-2,REVERSE)
(auxpass,-
2,REVERSE)
(neg,-2,REVERSE)
(cop,0,REVERSE)
(prep,0,NORMAL)
(rcmod,1,NORMAL)
(self,0,NORMAL)
(poss,-1, NORMAL)
(admod,-
2,REVERSE)
(pobj,1,NORMAL)
(self,2,NORMAL)
NN or NNS
IN or TO
Figure 5. An Example of using Dependency
Syntactic before and after our preprocessing.
Our rule set is for English-Vietnamese
phrase-based SMT. Table 1 shows handwritten
rules using dependency syntactic preprocessing
to reorder from English to Vietnamese
(Table 1).
In the proposed approach, a transform rule
is a mapping from T to a set of tuples (L, W, O)
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
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• T is the part-of-speech (POS) tag of the
head in a dependency parse tree node.
• L is a dependency label for a child node.
• W is a weight indicating the order of that
child node.
• O is the type of order (either NORMAL or
REVERSE).
Our rule set provides a valuable resource
for preordering in English-Vietnamese phrase-
based SMT.
(admod,-2, REVERSE). For the example shown
in Figure 4, we would apply it to the ROOT
node and result in "songwriter that wrote many
songs romantic."
We apply them in a dependency tree
recursively starting from the root node. If the
POS tag of a node matches the left-hand-side of
a rule, the rule is applied and the order of the
sentence is changed. We go through all the
children of the node and get the precedence
weights for them from the set of precedence
tuples. If we encounter a child node that has a
dependency label not listed in the set of tuples,
we give it a default weight of 0 and default
order type of NORMAL. The children nodes
are sorted according to their weights from
highest to lowest, and nodes with the same
weights are ordered according to the type of
order defined in the rule.
Figure 5 gives examples of original and
preprocessed phrase in English. The first line is
the original English sentences: "that songwriter
wrote many songs romantic.", and the fourth
line is the target Vietnamese reordering "Nhạc
sĩ đó đã viết nhiều bài hát lãng mạn.". This
sentences is arranged as the Vietnamese order.
We aim to preprocess as in Figure 5.
Vietnamese sentences is the output of our
method. As you can see, after reordering,
original English line has the same word order.
4.2. Dependency syntactic processing
We aim to reorder an English sentence to
get a new English, and some words in this
sentence are arranged as Vietnamese words
order. The type of order is only used when we
have multiple children with the same weight,
while the weight is used to determine the
relative order of the children, going from the
largest to the smallest. The weight can be any
real valued number. The order type NORMAL
means we preserve the original order of the
children, while REVERSE means we flip the
order. We reserve a special label self to refer to
the head node itself so that we can apply a
weight to the head, too. We will call this tuple a
precedence tuple in later discussions. In this
study, we use manually created rules only.
Suppose we have a reordering rule: NNS
(prep, 0, NORMAL), (rcmod, 1, NORMAL),
(self, 0, NORMAL), (poss, -1, NORMAL),
Table 2. Corpus Statistical
Sentence pairs Training Set Development Set Test Set
Corpus
General
132636
131236
400
1000
Vietnamese
131236
18.91
English
Training
Sentences
Average Length
Word
17.98
2481762
39071
400
2360727
54086
Vocabulary
Development Sentences
Average Length
Word
22.73
21.41
8567
9092
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
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Vocabulary
Sentences
1537
1000
22.70
22707
2882
1920
Test
Average Length
Word
21.42
21428
3816
Vocabulary
f
5.
Classifier-based
preordering
for
continue the traversal recursively in that order.
In the above example, we need to decide the
order of the head "looking" and the children "I",
"’m", and "site.".
The words in sentence are reordered by a
new sequence learned from training data using
multi-classifier model. We use SVM
classification model [25] that supports
multi-class prediction. The class labels are
corresponding to reordering sequence, so it is
enable to select the best one from many
possible sequences.
phrase-based SMT
Current time, state-of-the-art phrase-based
SMT system using the lexicalized reordering
model in Moses toolkit. In our work, we also
used Moses to evaluate on English-Vietnamese
machine translation tasks.
5.1. Classifier-based preordering
In this section, we describe a the learning
model that can transform the word order of an
input sentence to an order that is natural in the
target language. English is used as source
language, while Vietnamese is used as target
language in our discussion about the
word orders.
Table 3. Set of features used in training data
from corpus English-Vietnamese
Feature Description
T
The head’s POS tag
For example, when translating the English
sentence:
T
The first child’s POS tag
I ’m looking at a new jewelry site.
To Vietnamese, we would like to reorder it as:
I ’m looking at a site new jewelry.
L
The first child’s syntactic label
The second child’s POS tag
The second child’s syntactic label
The third child’s POS tag
T
L
And then, this model will be used in
combination with translation model.
T
The feature is built for "site, a, new,
jewelry" family in Figure 2:
L
The third child’s syntactic label
The fourth child’s POS tag
The fourth child’s syntactic label
T
NN, DT, det, JJ, amod, NN, nn, 1230, 1023
We use the dependency grammars and the
differences of word order between English and
Vietnamese to create a set of the reordering
rules. From part-of-speech (POS) tag and parse
the input sentence, producing the POS tags and
head-modifier dependencies shown in Figure 2.
Traversing the dependency tree starting at the
root to reordering. We determine the order of
the head and its children (independently of
other decisions) for each head word and
L
O1
The sequence of head and its
children
in source alignment
O2
The sequence of head and its
children
in target alignment.
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
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Table 4. Examples of rules
and reorder source sentences
classifiers learn to trade off between a rich set
of overlapping features. List of features are
given in table 3.
Pattern
Order
Example
We use SVM classification model in the
WEKA tools [6] that supports multi-class
prediction. Since it naturally supports
multi-class prediction and can therefore be used
to select one out of many possible
permutations. The learning algorithm produces
a sparse set of features. In our experiments, the
models were based on features that generated
from 100k English - Vietnamese sentence pairs.
When extracting the features, every word
can be represented by its word identity, its
POS-tags from the treebank, syntactic label. We
also include pairs of these features, resulting in
potentially bilexical features.
NN, DT, det, JJ, 1,0,2,3 I ’m looking at a
amod, NN, nn
new jewelry site.
I ’m looking at
a site new jewelry.
NNS, JJ, amod, 2,1,0,3 it faced a blank
CC, cc, NNS, con
wall.
it faced a wall
blank.
it ’s a social
phenomenon.
NNP, NNP, nn, 2,1,0
NNP, nn
it ’s a
phenomenon
social.
5.2. Features
Algorithm 1 Extract rules
input: dependency trees of source sentences
and alignment pairs;
output: set of automatic rules;
for each family in dependency trees of subset
and alignment pairs of sentences do
generate feature (pattern + order) ;
end for
The features extracted based on dependency
tree includes POS tag and alignment
information. We traverse the tree from the top,
in each family we create features with the
following information:
• The head’s POS tag.
• The first child’s POS tag, the first child’s
syntactic label.
Build model from set of features;
for each family in dependency trees in the rest
of the sentences do
• The second child’s POS tag, the second
child’s syntactic label.
• The third child’s POS tag, the third child’s
syntactic label.
• The fourth child’s POS tag, the fourth
child’s syntactic label.
• The sequence of head and its children in
source alignment.
• The sequence of head and its children in
target alignment. It is class label for SVM
classifier model.
We limited our self by processing families
that have less than five children based on
counting total families in each group: 1 head
and 1 child, 1 head and 2 children, 1 head and 3
children, 1 head and 4 children ... We found out
that the most common families appear (80%) in
our training sentences is less than and equal
four children.
generate pattern for prediction;
get predicted order from model;
add (pattern, order) as new rule in set of rules;
end for
Algorithm 2 Apply rule
input: source-side dependency trees , set of rules;
output: set of new sentences;
for each dependency tree do
for each family in tree do
generate pattern
get order from set of rules based on pattern
apply transform
end for
Build new sentence;
end for
5.3. Training data for preordering
In this section, we describe a method to
build training data for a pair English to
We trained a separate classifier for each
number of possible children. In hence, the
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
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Vietnamese. Our purpose is to reconstruct the
word order of input sentence to an order that is
arranged as Vietnamese words order.
For example with the English sentence in
Figure 2:
learn to trade off between a rich set of
overlapping features. To build a classification
model, we use SVM classification model in the
WEKA tools. The following result are obtained
using 10 folds-cross validation.
I ’m looking at a new jewelry site.
is transformed into Vietnamese order:
I ’m looking at a site new jewelry.
We apply them in a dependency tree
recursively starting from the root node. If the
POS-tags of a node matches the left-hand-side
of the rule, the rule is applied and the order of
the sentence is changed. We go through all the
children of the node and matching rules for
them from the set of automatically rules.
Table 4 gives examples of original and
preprocessed phrase in English. The first line is
the original English: "I’m looking at a new
jewelry site", and the target Vietnamese
reordering "Tôi đang xem một trang web mới
về nữ_trang". This sentences is arranged as the
Vietnamese order. Vietnamese sentences are the
output of our method. As you can see, after
reordering, the original English line has the
same word order: "I ’m looking at a site new
jewelry" in Figure 1.
For this approach, we first do preprocessing
to encode some special words and parser the
sentences to dependency tree using Stanford
Parser [14]. Then, we use target to source
alignment and dependency tree to generate
features. We add source, target alignment, POS
tag, syntactic label of word to each node in the
dependency tree. For each family in the tree, we
generate a training instance if it has less than and
equal four children. In case, a family has more
than and equal five children, we discard this
family but still keep traversing at each child.
Each rule consists of: pattern and order. For
every node in the dependency tree, from the
top-down, we find the node matching against
the pattern, and if a match is found, the
associated order applies. We arrange the words
in the English sentence, which is covered by the
matching node, like Vietnamese words order.
And then, we do the same for each children of
this node. If any rule is applied, we use the
order of original sentence. These rules are learnt
automatically from bilingual corpora. The our
algorithm’s outline is given as Alg. 1 and Alg. 2
Algorithm 1 extracts automatically the rules
with input including dependency trees of source
sentences and alignment pairs.
6. Experimental results
6.1. Data set and experimental setup
For evaluation, we used an Vietnamese-
English corpus [22], including about 131236
pairs for training, 1000 pairs for testing and 400
pairs for development test set. Table 2 gives
more statistical information about our corpora.
We conducted some experiments with SMT
Moses Decoder [7] and SRILM [12]. We
trained a trigram language model using
interpolate and kndiscount smoothing with
Vietnamese mono corpus. Before extracting
phrase table, we use GIZA++ [10] to build
word alignment with grow-diag-final-and
algorithm. Besides using preprocessing, we also
used default reordering model in Moses
Decoder: using word-based extraction (wbe),
splitting type of reordering orientation to three
classes (monotone, swap and discontinuous –
msd), combining backward and forward
direction (bidirectional) and modeling base on
Algorithm 2 proceeds by considering all
rules after finish Algorithm 1 and source-side
dependency trees to build new sentence.
5.4. Classification mode
The reordering decisions are made by
multi-class classifiers (correspond with number
of permutation: 2, 6, 24, 120) where class labels
correspond to permutation sequences. We train
a separate classifier for each number of possible
children. Crucially, we do not learn explicit tree
transformations rules, but let the classifiers
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
23
both source and target language (fe) [7]. To
contrast, we tried preprocessing the source
sentence with manual rules and automatic rules.
We implemented as follows:
6.2. Using manual rules
In this section, we present our experiments
to translate from English to Vietnamese in a
statistical machine translation system. We used
Stanford Parser [14] to parse source sentence
and apply to preprocessing source sentences
(English sentences). According to typical
differences of word order between English and
Vietnamese, we have created a set of
dependency-based rules for reordering words in
English sentence according to Vietnamese word
order and types of rules including noun phrase,
adjectival and adverbial phrase, preposition
which is described in table 1.
• We used Stanford Parser [14] to parse
source sentence and apply to preprocessing
source sentences (English sentences).
• We used classifier-based preordering by
using SVM classification model [25] in Weka
tools [6] for training the features-rich
discriminative classifiers to extract automatic
rules and apply them for reordering words in
English sentences according to Vietnamese
word order.
• We implemented preprocessing step
during both training and decoding time.
• Using the SMT Moses decoder [7] for
decoding.
We give some definitions for our
experiments:
6.3. Using automatic rules
We present our experiments to translate
from English to Vietnamese in a statistical
machine translation system. In hence, the
language pair chosen is English-Vietnamese.
We used Stanford Parser [14] to parse source
sentence (English sentences).
We used dependency parsing and rules
extracted from training the features-rich
discriminative classifiers for reordering source-
side sentences. The rules are automatically
extracted from English-Vietnamese parallel
corpus and the dependency parser of English
examples. Finally, they used these rules to
reorder source sentences. We evaluated our
approach on English-Vietnamese machine
translation tasks with systems in table 5 which
shows that it can outperform the baseline
phrase-based SMT system.
• Baseline: use the baseline phrase-based
SMT system using the lexicalized reordering
model in Moses toolkit.
• Manual Rules: the phrase-based SMT
systems applying manual rules [23].
•
Auto Rules : the phrase-based SMT
systems applying automatic rules [24].
• Auto Rules + Manual Rules: the phrase-
based SMT systems applying automatic rules,
then applying manual rules.
Table 5. Our experimental systems on English-
Vietnamese parallel corpus
Name
Description
Baseline
Manual Rules
Phrase-based system
Phrase-based system
with corpus
Table 6. Size of phrase tables
which preprocessed
using manual rules
Phrase-based system
with corpus which
preprocessed using
automatic learning rules
Phrase-based system
with corpus which
preprocessed using
automatic learning rules
and manual rules
Name
Size of phrase-table
1152216
Auto Rules
Baseline
Manual Rules
Auto Rules
1231365
1213401
Auto Rules +
Manual Rules
Auto Rules +
Manual Rules
1253401
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
24
Table 7. Translation performance
for the English-Vietnamese task
Table 9. An example of a translation produced by
our system for an input sentence sampled from
English-Vietnamese corpus
System
BLEU (%)
36.89
Input
Translation Translation Translation
Baseline
sentence: (Baseline): (Auto):
(human):
Manual Rules
Auto Rules
37.71
The coat was far too big
- it completely
37.12
enveloped him.
Auto Rules + Manual Rules 37.85
6.4. BLEU score
Chiếc áo khoác là quá
The result of our experiments in table 6
showed size of phrase tables built from
translation model base on our method. In this
method, we can find out various phrases in the
translation model. So that, they enable us to
have more options for decoder to generate the
best translation.
Table 7 describes the BLEU score of our
experiments. As we can see, by applying
preprocessing in both training and decoding, the
BLEU score of "Auto Rules" system is lower
by 0.49 point than "Manual Rules" system. This
result is due to the fact that manual rules have
better quality than automatic rules. However,
"Auto Rules + Manual Rules" system is the best
system because applying the combination rules
can cover much linguistic phenomena.
lớn
- nó hoàn toàn phủ anh
ta.
Chiếc áo khoác là quá
lớn
- nó phủ hoàn toàn anh
ta.
Chiếc áo khoác quá lớn
- nó hoàn toàn phủ anh
ta.
Manh Cuong is a young
football player
The above result proved that the effect of
applying transformation rule base on the
dependency parse tree.
with potential great.
Manh Cuong là một cầu
thủ
bóng đá với nhiều tiềm
năng.
Table 8. Statistical number of family on
corpus English-Vietnamese
Number
Number Description
children of head
79142
40822
26008
15990
7442
2728
942
Family has 1 children
Manh Cuong là một cầu
thủ
bóng đá trẻ có tiềm
năng lớn.
Family has 2 children
Family has 3 children
Family has 4 children
Family has 5 children
Family has 6 children
Family has 7 children
Family has 8 children
Mạnh Cường là cầu thủ
307
bóng đá trẻ rất nhiều
triển vọng.
83
Family has 9
children
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
25
it is shown that applying classifier method to
solve reordering problems automatically.
7. Analysis and discussion
We have found that in our experiments
work is sufficiently correlated to the translation
quality done manually. Besides, we also have
found some errors cause such as parse tree
source sentence quality, word alignment quality
and quality of corpus. All the above errors can
According to typical differences of word
order between English and Vietnamese, we
have created a set of automatic rules for
reordering words in English sentence according
to Vietnamese word order and types of rules
including noun phrase, adjectival and adverbial
phrase, as well as preposition phrase. Table 8
gives statistical families which have larger or
equal 4 children in our corpus. The number of
children in each family has limited 4 children in
our approach. So in target language
(Vietnamese), the number of children in each
family is the same.
The manual rules have good quality
[27, 18], the phrase-based SMT systems
applying manual rules is better than the phrase-
based SMT systems applying automatic rules.
We believe that the quality of the phrase-based
SMT systems applying automatic rules will be
better when we have a better corpus.
effect automatic reordering rules. Table
9
showed the translation output examples are
better than baseline system produced by our
system for the input sentences from English-
Vietnamese test set. Go here for more examples
of translations for input sentences sampled
randomly from our corpus. Some phrases in
English source sentence were reordered
corresponding to Vietnamese target sentence
order. We focus mainly on some typical
relations as noun phrase, adjectival and
adverbial phrase, preposition and created
manually written reordering rule set for
English-Vietnamese language pair. Our study
employed
dependency
syntactic
and
transformation rules to reorder the source
sentence and applied to English to Vietnamese
translation systems.
8. Conclusion
For example, with noun phrase, there
always exists a head noun and the components
before and after it. These auxiliary components
will move to new positions according to
Vietnamese translational order. These rules can
popular source linguistic phenomena equivalent
to target language ones as follows:
• The phrase-based systems applying rules
with category JJ or JJS
• The phrase-based systems applying rules
with category NN or NNS
In this paper, we present a preprocessing
approach based on the dependency parser. The
proposed approach is applying for English -
Vietnamese
translation
system.
The
experimental results show that our approach
achieved statistical improvements in BLEU
scores over a state-of-the-art phrase-based
baseline system. By applying manual rules and
automatic rules, the quality of English-
Vietnamese translation system is improving. In
our study, our rules cover some linguistic
reordering phenomena. These reordering rules
benefit English-Vietnamese languages pair.
We will focus on word order problems
much more with linguistic reordering
phenomena on English-Vietnamese to learn
better the dependency-based reordering rules
(manual rules and automatic rules). This is
necessary in improving SMT systems and that
might lead to its a wider adoption.
• The phrase-based systems applying rules
with category IN or TO
Based on these phenomena, translation
quality has significantly improved. We carried
out error analysis sentences and compared to
the golden reordering. Our analysis has also the
benefits of automatic reordering rules on
translation quality. In combination with
machine learning method in related work [21],
T.H. Viet et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 2 (2017) 14-27
26
Innovation, and Vision for the Future, RIVF
2013, Hanoi, Vietnam, November 10-13, 2013,
2013, pp. 147-151.
Acknowledgments
This work described in this paper has been
partially funded by Hanoi National University
(QG.15.23 project).
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