Performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing based advanced encryption standard
VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2020) 57-64
Original Article
Performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Based Advanced Encryption Standard
Duc-Tai Truong, Quoc-Tuan Nguyen, Thai-Mai Thi Dinh*
VNU University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi,
144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
Received 06 December 2019
Revised 07 March 2020; Accepted 12 May 2020
Abstract: Currently, there are a lot of secure communication schemes have been proposed to hide
secret contents. In this work, one of the methods deploying encryption to cipher data is
represented. The primary object of this project is applying Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
in communications based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). This article
discusses the security of the method encrypting directly QAM symbols instead of input bit-stream.
This leads to improving the security of transmitting data by utilization of authentication key
between the mobile and base station. The archived results demonstrate that the performance of the
AES-OFDM system is completely acceptable to compare with the criteria for 4G.
Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Authentication Key, Cellular Network,
Encryption, Physical Layer, 4G, LTE.
1. Introduction *
users. When adversaries can access to an
underlying secret of the system, the information
security shall be threatened.
In recent years, the issue of information
security has been more and more urgent. In
Though security is commonly integrated at
the higher layer of the protocol stack, it can get
passed by adversaries. Generally, higher layers’
security is based on authentication. That means
users have their own authorized key or password.
Attackers can use the exhaustive algorithm to
overcome this type of security. Meanwhile,
physical layer security obtains advantages, which
are not archived by higher layers. Physical layer
security exploits the randomness of noise and
communication channel, therefore intruders are
limited to extract data. Moreover, there is no
wireless
communications,
the
security
requirement is strongly essential broadcast over
the wireless environment which is less secure
than over wire one. Due to the characteristics of
wireless communications, attackers can
eavesdrop on a system to steal transmitted
information as well as impersonate mitigate
_______
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected]n
57
D-T. Truong et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 36, No. 1 (2020) 57-64
58
assumption of limitation for eavesdroppers in
reverse piloting and joint decoding. Channel
reciprocity, decorrelation, and key distribution
are also three of techniques to ensure the
security for this OFDM system. Besides, other
implementing methods including generation of
robust joint constellations and mitigation of
effects of power control errors, mobility, and
synchronization errors are further mentioned in
the work of Tsouri, and Wulich. In the paper of
Rajaveerappa, and Almarimi [9], the authors
proposed to combines symmetric key
cryptography with public key cryptography to
encrypt data before applying Walsh Hadamard
spreading codes. Public key cryptography of
this system bases on RSA (Rivest, Shamir, and
Adleman) and symmetric key cryptography
relies on shift cipher algorithm.
terms of network parameters or computation
resources. Hence, if physical layer security is
applied to the system, transmitted data is surely
more secured.
The work of Jessen [1] mentioned two
different areas of the secure wireless system at
the physical layer. The first area is the
authentication. Authentication focuses on
preventing attackers from impersonating the
user. Some applicable methods of identification
can be listed such as unique transceiver print
and one-time password [2]. The second area is
the cryptosystem using a shared secret key.
Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES), for example,
convert plaintext to ciphertext by symmetric
ciphering algorithms [3]. The difficulty of
eavesdroppers is that they have to discover the
correct secret key to decrypt received cipher-
text. Therefore the key’s length requires a huge
number of computations, generally. In contrast,
if an eavesdropper reveals the secret key, the
cryptosystem will be useless. Xiao et al. [4]
proposed to apply a dynamic secret method to
secure wireless communication cryptosystem.
The dynamic secret method generates hash
value to change system secret. Thus,
eavesdroppers cannot steal any information
when the secret is updated.
OFDM is a technique that is applied widely
in wireless communication now [5]. OFDM has
high spectral performance and can limit the ISI
interference. However, it is needed to cooperate
additional encryption methods with OFDM
enhance the security. There are a number of
methods assisting with OFDM such as
cryptosystem, watermarking and so on [6]. In
the work of A. Al-Dweik et al. [7], joint
secured and robust transmission for OFDM
system was represented. The proposed system
using symmetric key cryptography to encrypt
OFDM symbols. Due to unknowing key and
permutation matrix, intruders will receive like-
noise signals. The approach using overloading
of subcarriers for OFDM system is proposed in
the paper of Tsouri, and Wulich [8]. This
method is relied on superposition modulation,
Various researches had exploited AES with
OFDM system [10-12]. Their methods are to
encrypt input images in advance, then
transmitting by OFDM systems. In those cases,
they deploy the encryption of AES at the
application level.
However, some works
[13, 14] tried to use cryptography at the
physical layer. In paper [13], the basic idea is to
secure the communication link in the OFDM
modulation scheme by using AES cipher. The
reciprocal channel coefficient is mapped on the
discrete number system to be the key in AES
encryption. However, that work uses an
asymmetric diagram between transmitter and
receiver. That can lead to an increase in the
error rate when using a symmetric algorithm
like AES. Yuan Liang et. al. [14] proposed a
secure pre-coded OFDM (SP-OFDM) to
transmit reliably and efficiently under disguised
jamming. The basic idea of that approach is to
randomize the phase of sent symbols utilizing
the secure Pseudo-Noise (PN) sequences
generated from AES algorithm. The target is to
change the phase shift randomly before
mapping by m-PSK. The limitation of that
approach is only available if the OFDM system
using m-PSK modulation technique. In our
work, we mapping symbols to hexadecimal
number before encrypting them by AES. Due to
encrypting the symbols, our method is available
in both with m-PSK and m-QAM. Hence, it is
D-T. Truong et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 36, No. 1 (2020) 57-64
59
not limited to phase shift keying like proposed
method in paper [14].
The brief description of this algorithm can
be listed in the following steps:
Idea of our work is implementing AES at
the physical layer by encrypting the modulated
symbols. The encryption component can be
designed as a plug-in module. Hence, this
method will not change any parts of the current
LTE systems. This article proposes a model,
which combines AES with QAM modulation in
communications based on OFDM. The article
focuses on the area of cryptosystems of secure
wireless communications at the physical layer.
By transforming QAM symbols to AES-QAM
symbols, received OFDM signals are definitely
different from original QAM symbols and only
decrypted by correct authentication key. The
authors also show the performance of proposed
AES-OFDM, which is acceptable for wireless
communication.
The rest of this article is organized as
follows. The second section will be the
discussion of previous work, while the third
section would like to explain how AES-OFDM
system work and its diagram. The fourth
section analyzes simulation results and assesses
the security and performance of the
AES-OFDM model. The conclusion will be
given in the final section.
Step 1: 128-bit input is considered as a
matrix
plain text which called state.
Step 2: Key expansion is a function in
which the key is expanded into several 32-bit
words, w[i]. Each round requires a round key
contained four distinct words (128 bits) in
serial. The number of rounds bases on the
length of the key. Therefore, the number of
words is also in change.
Table 1. The relation of key length and number
of rounds and words
Length
of key
Number
of rounds
Number
of words
128
192
256
10
12
14
44
52
60
In the whole of this work, AES-128 is
chosen to implement.
Step 3: There are four functions
implemented sequentially except for the last
round. The general AES algorithm is
determined as following pseudo-code:
Algorithm 1. Pseudo-algorithm at transmitter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Begin
2. Proposed method
Add round key with
Expand key;
For i = 1 to 9 do
current state
2.1. Advanced encryption standard algorithm
AES is an algorithm adopted by the
U.S government and widely used to protect data
[15]. AES cipher block of 128-bit or 16-byte
data symmetrically. The basic unit in AES is a
byte. XOR operation effectuates the addition of
two bytes. The multiplication of two bytes in
AES is a multiplication in GF(28) which has
Hexadecimal numbers.
Substitution of state using S-box;
Shift left each word in round
Mix Columns state using
arithmetic over GF(28)
Add round key [i] with current
state by XOR.
8
an
irreducible
polynomial
9
End
8
4
3
. The secret key of
m x x x x x1
Substitution of state by S-box
Shift left each word in round
AES has three types of length which are 16, 24
and 32 bytes (128, 192 and 256 bits). AES-128,
AES-192, AES-256 is three algorithms
corresponding to the length of the cipher key.
Add round key [10] with current
state by XOR
10 End
D-T. Truong et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 36, No. 1 (2020) 57-64
60
ciphering key (CK) and an integrity key (IK).
MME sends RAND and AUTN to UE to check
authentication and calculate response (RES).
RES is sent back to MME to compare with
XRES. If RES equals XRES, MME sends None
Access Stratum (NAS) Security mode
command
(cipher
algorithm,
integrity
algorithm, NAS key set ID and Capability -
CAP) is sent to UE. After UE calculates CK
from KASME and NAS encryption algorithm,
the AES algorithm uses CK to encrypt at the
transmitter and decrypt at the receiver. CK is
secure because there is no threat to steal CK
without knowledge about MSISDN, IMEI, and
IMSI. Figure 2 illustrates the above process.
Figure 1. Shows the overall AES cryptosystem
that illustrates the symmetric feature
of the AES algorithm.
2.2. Sharing key process
There are three procedures to protect
information transmitted on mobile systems.
They are identification, authentication, and
encryption. Center Equipment Identity Register
takes Mobile Station International Subscriber
Directory Number (MSISDN) and International
Mobile Station Equipment (IMEI) from User
Equipment (UE) to check for subscriber
identification. If the subscriber identification is
precise, an authentication protocol is applied to
supply to UE some important parameters such
as cipher key. Figure 3 demonstrates the LTE
security protocol in mobile communication.
The authentication between a mobile station
(MS) and a network is two-way where the
master secret key K is used. Posterior to that
user UE sends International Mobile Subscriber
Identity (IMSI) to Home Network (HN), HN
sends back an authentication vector (AV) to
Mobile Management Entity (MME). Each AV
contains a group of expected response (XRES),
a random number (RAND), an authentication
token (AUTN), and a master secret key
KASME which contains information of a
Figure 2. State diagram for authentication
in mobile communication.
Figure 1. Proposal AES-OFDM model.
D-T. Truong et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 36, No. 1 (2020) 57-64
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2.3. AES-OFDM model
For
instance,
a
sub-stream
has M bits. Those bits
b b
b
l2
l
l1
To secure transmit data at the physical
layer, this article proposes a combination of
AES and OFDM, so-called AES-OFDM. The
main idea is encoding QAM symbols directly in
the OFDM classical model. Figure 2 illustrates
the proposed AES-OFDM model. The process
of the proposed system is mostly the same as
the original OFDM model except for the
constellation mapping step where the AES
algorithm is embedded. After converting from
serial to parallel, each sub-channel contains 128
bits, thus 1000 sub-channels constitute 128000
bits. The data transmission rate is the same at
all individual channels because of orthogonality
and the same bandwidth. AES algorithm
operates with a byte as the data unit which is
represented as a couple of hexadecimal
numbers. Consequently, 16-QAM modulation
is appropriate to cooperate with the AES
algorithm due to that a byte can convey two 16-
QAM states also. This way not only improves
the security of pure OFDM but also makes the
attacker hard to decrypt the information. The
reason is that the encryption is performed with
16-QAM symbols while the normal security
methods apply AES on the bit-stream. Thus, the
attempt of attacker to decrypt the bit-stream or
to decrypt at the application layer will fail. In
detail, the mapping of 16-QAM states and
hexadecimal numbers are shown in Table 2.
After the encryption process, the ciphertext
will be remapping to QAM again and perform
similar steps as the traditional OFDM model.
Whole system operation can be represented by
mathematical as follow:
are constellation mapped. If 16-QAM is
applied, the number of elements each substream
having now is 32:
s t s sl2
l
l1
The elements are encrypted by AES to
become completely new symbols.
'
'
s'l2
s t s
l
l1
Table 2. QAM states and corresponding
hexadecimal number
Carrier Carrier
Hexadecimal
Input
phase
225o
255o
195o
225o
135o
105o
165o
135o
315o
285o
345o
315o
45o
amplitude mapping
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
0.33
0.75
0.75
1.0
0.33
0.75
0.75
1.0
0.33
0.75
0.75
1.0
0.33
0.75
0.75
1.0
0
1
3
2
4
5
7
6
C
D
F
E
8
75o
9
B
A
15o
45o
Therefore, the transmitted data will be
totally different from the original data. This
step ensures the transmission security.
Firstly, the original data is paralleled by N
substreams which contain 128 bits each as
After that, IFFT is used to divide signals
into several frequency stacks. The final
transmitted AES-OFDM is given as below:
b
b
11
12
b21 b22
shown:
N
bN1 bN 2
N128
m t s' t cos 2
f t
l
l0
D-T. Truong et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 36, No. 1 (2020) 57-64
62
Pseudo-algorithm at the transmitter is
considered as follow:
Execute time is an important parameter to
consider a system being available or not with a
temporary
technology.
The
required
Algorithm 2. Pseudo-algorithm at transmitter
transmission time interval in a 4G system must
below 1 millisecond. In the journal of Schneier
et al. [16], AES - Rijndael encryption and
decryption setup take respectively 300 and
1370 clock cycles on 32-bit CPUs. On the other
hand, each OFDM symbol needs 7142 clocks
cycles to be processed entirely [17]. Definitely,
total required clocks for AES-OFDM
processing is maximum at around 23600 cycles
that takes 9.83 microseconds on 2.4 GHz CPUs.
That executive time is much less than the
required transmission time interval in 4G. Thus,
the proposed AES-OFDM system can be
possible to deal with 4G technology.
1
2
3
Begin
For each frame do
Modulated Data = 16-QAM
modulation of original data;
Plain text = mapping 16-QAM
modulated symbols to hexadecimal
numbers.
Ciphered text = implement AES
with plaintext and key;
Ciphered symbols = Remapping
ciphertext to 16-QAM symbols;
IFFT ciphered symbols;
4
5
6
7
8
9
Add cyclic prefix;
End
10 End
At the receiver, symmetric blocks are used
to demodulate sent signals. Due to the effect of
the channel, the received message differs from
the transmitted signal. Thus, received symbols
is fluctuated with fixed values in table 1, so it
requires a balancing method in blocks of AES
decryption. By applying boundaries, every
symbol is assigned to a fixed value in Table 2.
This approach improves the symbol error rate
which is mentioned in the next section. The
pseudo algorithm at the receiver is shown
as below:
3. Simulation result
In this section, simulation results focus on
two criteria, security, and error rate of AES-
OFDM. The scenario is there will be 32000 16-
QAM symbols randomly created to transmit by
AES-OFDM. The simulation results are
investigated on the AWGN channel.
To determine the security of AES-OFDM,
the 16-QAM symbols before and after AES are
observed. It is notable that there is no clue to
detect the key when the attackers have both
original and encrypted symbols without
knowledge of the cipher algorithm. In a random
test case as an instance, there are three symbols
represented as 3.0000 + 1.0000i in thirty-two
original symbols. However, the three
corresponding symbols after applying AES are
totally nonrelative, -1.0000 - 1.0000i -3.0000
+ 3.0000i -1.0000 + 3.0000i. Therefore the
security of the OFDM signal is ensured.
However, the security in this work relies on the
secret key mostly. If the key is not reveal, the
attacker cannot decrypt the encrypted signals.
Since the secret key is generated randomly, the
protection of the AES-OFDM is certain.
Algorithm 3. Pseudo-algorithm at receiver
1
2
3
4
5
Begin
For each frame do
Remove cyclic prefix;
FFT received symbols;
Estimate received symbols to 16
values of 16-QAM;
6
Ciphertext = Mapping received
symbols to hexadecimal numbers
Plaintext = AES decryption of
ciphertext and key
7
8
Modulated Symbols = Remapping
plaintext to 16-QAM symbols
9
Output data
=
demodulate
modulated symbols
10
End
11 End
D-T. Truong et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 36, No. 1 (2020) 57-64
63
longer than the time of OFDM. So, the
execution time of AES-OFDM is still less than
1 millisecond which is appropriate for applying
in 4G communications. For further work, AES-
OFDM needs to improve the data rate by
increasing the level of modulation, which is 16-
QAM in the current model.
References
[1] M.A. Jessen, “Wireless communication security:
Physical-Layer techniques exploiting radio and
propagation characteristics”, Wireless Information
Technology and Systems (ICWITS), IEEE
International Conference, 2012.
[2] M. Kim, M. Lee, S. Kim, D. Won, “Weakness and
Improvements of
Authentication Scheme”, International Journal of
Future Generation Communication and
Networking, 2009.
a
One-time Password
Figure 2. The performance of AES-OFDM
comparing with OFDM on AWGN channel.
The second criterion to evaluate the
AES-OFDM system is the error rate. The
simulation result of the AES-OFDM model is
compared with a conventional OFDM. Figure 4
shows the comparison of performance between
OFDM and AES - OFDM on the AWGN
channel. AES-OFDM has nearly the same
performance comparing with general OFDM.
With an SNR value of 8 dB, both OFDM and
AES-OFDM symbol error rates fall to 3×10-5.
When SNR grows to 10 dB, SER values of both
OFDM and AES-OFDM bottom to asymptotic
of zero. The SER of AES-OFDM,
consequently, is acceptable when compared
with conventional OFDM.
[3] Alabaichi, Ashwaq, Salih, Adnan, “Enhance
security of advance encryption standard algorithm
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[4] S. Xiao, W. Gong, D. Towsley, “Secure Wireless
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channel”, 2009 International Conference on
4. Conclusion
In this article, the authors presented the
combination of AES and QAM in OFDM
communications. AES encrypts the QAM
signal to create AES-QAM symbols. That step
improves the information security on a
transmission channel due to completely
transform the QAM signal form. The simulation
result using MATLAB shows that: SER of
AES-OFDM is acceptable when compared with
the conventional OFDM model. The time to
execute the AES-OFDM algorithm is a little bit
D-T. Truong et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 36, No. 1 (2020) 57-64
64
Computer Engineering & Systems, Cairo, 2009,
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Design and Capacity Analysis Under Disguised
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(ICPCSI),
Chennai,
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[13] C. Akbar, H. Mahmood, Q. Minhas, I. Mustafa,
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