Radiation pattern and frequency reconfigurable antenna using Padovan sequence
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ NĂNG LƯỢNG - TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐIỆN LỰC
(ISSN: 1859 - 4557)
RADIATION PATTERN AND FREQUENCY RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA
USING PADOVAN SEQUENCE
ANTEN TÁI CẤU HÌNH THEO GIẢN ĐỒ BỨC XẠ VÀ TẦN SỐ SỬ DỤNG CHUỖI PADOVAN
Duong Thi Thanh Tu1, Nguyen Tan Dung1, Hoang Thi Phuong Thao2
1Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology; 2Electric Power University
Ngày nhận bài: 05/01/2021, Ngày chấp nhận đăng: 23/03/2021, Phản biện: TS. Nguyễn Đôn Nhân
Abstract:
This paper proposes a radiation pattern and frequency reconfigurable antenna using four PIN diodes.
The antenna structure is based on the Padovan sequence of nine squares on the patch and four
ones on the ground. In this way, the antenna's radiation pattern can be recognized at +52° and
27°. Also, the reconfigurable frequency of the proposed antenna can change from 5 GHz to 18.74
GHz. The total antenna size is rather small, which is 44.44 x 35 x 1.52 mm3. Besides, the antenna
can achieve rather high efficiency and a quite good bandwidth at almost operating bands.
Keywords:
Reconfigurable antenna, radiation pattern reconfigurable, frequency reconfigurable, Padovan,
PIN diode.
Tóm tắt:
Nội dung bài báo đề xuất một cấu trúc anten đa tái cấu hình: vừa có thể tái cấu hình theo giản đồ
bức xạ vừa có thể tái cấu hình theo tần số dựa trên các trạng thái bật – tắt khác nhau của bốn diode
PIN. Để làm được điều này, thiết kế anten được biến đổi theo hình vuông Padovan với 9 phần tử
trên mặt bức xạ và bốn phần tử trên mặt phẳng đất. Anten thu được có thể tái cấu hình theo giản
đồ bức xạ tại hai phương +520 và 270, tái cấu hình theo tần số từ 5Ghz đến 18.74GHz với kích
thước tổng thể khá nhỏ, đạt 44.44 x 35 x 1.52 mm3. Bên cạnh đó, các tham số quan trọng khác của
anten tái cấu hình như hiệu suất và băng thông thu được khá tốt ở phần lớn các tần số cộng hưởng
của anten.
Từ khóa:
Anten tái cấu hình, tái cấu hình theo tần số, tái cấu hình theo đồ thị bức xạ, Padovan; điôt PIN.
1. INTRODUCTION
adjust to achieve the desired characters
like frequency band, radiation direction,
or polarization. Reconfigurable antennas
have many advantages over wideband
antennas, such as smaller size,
comparable radiation patterns among all
The requirements for advanced antennas'
multi-functional abilities are continuously
increasing for wireless communications,
radar
systems,
and
satellite
telecommunications. Their properties can
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(ISSN: 1859 - 4557)
multiple frequency bands, productive follows. In Part 2, the antenna design is
utilization of electromagnetic range, and
frequency discernment, decreasing the co-
channel interference and jamming [1].
Only in 2018-2019, a score of researches
about reconfigurable antennas have been
reported with different variations such
as frequency reconfigurable [2]-[7],
radiation pattern reconfigurable [8-15]. In
[9], a wideband antenna was reconfigured
radiation pattern by G. Jin et al. The
antenna uses four diodes to change to four
different directions but the average
performance approximately 60%. Also,
the antenna size is rather big, which is
75×75×0.75 mm3, so it hard to apply to
the user equipment. Scale problem is a
challenge of the antenna in [11] because
of numerous layers that significantly
create large elevation. In [14], a design
antenna with a ring structure can
change radiation patterns by matching
impedance, but performance only reaches
50%.
presented. The simulated and analysis are
studied in Part 3. Finally, Part 4 concludes
the study.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
2.1. Padovan sequence
Unlike Fibonacci – golden ratio on the 2D
dimension, the Padovan sequence that is a
golden ratio on the 3D dimensions is set
through a cubic function. The Padovan
sequence is defined by basic number
value: 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, … which
is formed by formula (1).
P(n)=P(n-2)+P(n3)
(1)
In this paper, a frequency and radiation
pattern reconfigurable antenna using four
PIN diodes is presented. The proposed
antenna operates with four states of
frequency reconfiguration and two states
of radiation pattern one. Besides, using
the variable squares based on the Padovan
sequence, the antenna achieves a striking
compact size. Thus, it can be easily
integrated into modern compact devices
while still being able to work with
multiple technologies.
Fig. 1. Padovan sequence variation
Like Fibonacci’s spiral, the Padovan
sequence varies to become Padovan’s
spiral that is shown in (2).
푃(푛)
lim (푃(푛−1)) = 휌
(2)
푛→∞
where the real value of 휌 is built through
a cubic formula (3).
3
3
√
√
9+ 69
9− 69
√
√
휌 =
+
~ 1.324717957
(3)
18
18
The rest of this paper is organized as
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(ISSN: 1859 - 4557)
Table 1. Parameters and their dimensions (mm)
2.2. Antenna structure
Parameter Value
Parameter
Value
2.2.1. Antenna using Padovan
sequence
35
4
6
8
W
L
P2
P3
P4
P5
P7
44.44
5.16
Figure 2 shows the proposed antenna's
geometrical structure that consists of three
parts: the radiation patch, the substrate,
and the ground plane. The substrate layer
is RO4350B with hs= 1.52 mm and
ԑ=3.48, loss tangent 0.0037. The patch is
constructed by the Padovan geometric
sequence in the form of nine squares.
These squares are arranged in ascending
order in a counter-clockwise direction
starting from 180° direction with
incremental size 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.
The ratio k = 2 is built according to the
following formula (4) and (5).
Ld
0.2
10
14
Wd
k
2
2
P1
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. Antenna geometric. (a): Frontside;
(b): Backside
(
)
푃(푛) = 푃 푛 − 2 + 푃(푛 − 3)
(4)
(5)
2.2.2. PIN diode
( )
푃 푁 = 푃(푛) × 푘
To switch the different antenna states,
four PIN MA4AGBLP912 diodes are
used due to low loss and high switching
speed. The PIN diode can be turned on
and off by using suitable polarity voltage.
The ON state is made by a resistor in
series with the inductor and the OFF state
is made by a resistor connected in parallel
with the capacitor then in series with the
inductor. The values R, L, C of the diode
PIN under both ON and OFF conditions
are shown in Table 2.
where P(n) is the value from the Padovan
sequence, P(N) is the real value of the
radiation patch.
It is the same rule for the ground plane
with the form of four DGS squares. The
antenna is connected by coaxial cable
through the ground plane to be exposed to
the radiation patch. The position of
coordinates (x,y) is (-3.5;6.5). Four diodes
are connected to the feeding network
by a microstrip line of 5.166 mm long
and 0.2 mm width. The other antenna
dimensions are detailed in Table 1.
The different states of the antenna are
shown in Table 3. Using four PIN diodes
for the four radiating elements, the
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TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ NĂNG LƯỢNG - TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC ĐIỆN LỰC
(ISSN: 1859 - 4557)
antenna can resonate at the respective S11 parameter in different states of
the switch using the PIN diode
corresponding to the 2D radiation
patterns. Part 3.1 presents the frequencies
of the reconfigured band while keeping
the radiation intact. Section 3.2 analyzes
the radiation pattern reconfiguration of
the proposed antenna.
frequencies while maintaining the same
direction of the radiation plot. Besides, at
a defined resonant frequency, the antenna
will also have different radiation
directions based on the state of the diode
is activated.
3.1. Frequency reconfiguration
According to a state combination of four
diodes from D1 to D4, the antenna can
be reconfigured in four frequencies
including 5 GHz, 6.81 GHz, 15.1 GHz,
and 18.74 GHz as being shown in Table
4. It is more clearly as seen in Figure 4
and 5. At the first case of the frequency
reconfiguration, the proposed antenna can
operate at 5GHz or 6.8 GHz at the same
direction angle of approximately -11°.
The second frequency reconfigurable case
is at the direction angle of +60°, the
antenna can also operates at 15.1 GHz or
18.7 GHz band.
(a) ON state
(b) OFF state
Fig. 3. Equivalent of PIN diode
Table 2. Diode’s parameters
Parameter
Value
L
CT
RS
RP
0.5nH 0.025pF 4Ω 10kΩ
Table 3. States of antenna
Active
diodes
States
S1
D1
D2
D3
D4
1/4
ON
OFF OFF OFF
ON
ON
ON
OFF OFF
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
Table 4. The different states of the frequency
reconfiguration
OFF OFF
ON
OFF OFF
ON
ON
2/4
ON
ON
OFF
ON
Stat
e
F
S11
(dB)
B
(%)
G
(dBi)
ƞ (%)
(GHz)
ON
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
2.67
37.0
10.3
6.81
4.7
64.78
84.65
86.09
82
S1
S3
S4
S6
5
17.17
20.97
32.16
21.68
OFF
5.12
6.43
4.63
15.3
18.7
6.8
3/4
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
OFF
ON
S7
S8
4/4
ON
3. SIMULATION RESULTS AND
ANALYSIS
The simulated results are performed on
the CST MICROWAVE STUDIO
commercial software that includes the
(a) at S1 and S6 states
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(ISSN: 1859 - 4557)
Freq.
(GHz)
S11
(dB)
Gain ƞ (%)
(dBi)
State
D (°)
B (%)
S7
S8
6.7
6.6
2.56
5.96
4.89 81.06
5.51 85.52
19 13.6
+6
23.0
The antenna operates at 14.2 GHz when
two over four diodes turn ON. Fig 6(a)
shows the main beam radiation direction
between these two states in plan = 90°.
At 6.7 GHz, the antenna can change its
direction from +6° to 19° as shown in
Fig 6(b).
(b) at S3 and S4 states
Fig 4. S11 parameters of frequency
reconfiguration
(a) at S1 and S6 states
(b) at S3 and S4 states
Fig 5. Radiation pattern of frequency
reconfiguration
(c) at 14.2 GHz band (b) at 6.7 GHz band
Fig. 6. The direction pattern of radiation
reconfiguration
3.2. Radiation pattern reconfiguration
The proposed antennas are structured for
elemental radiation at different points on
the rectangular platform. Thus, the
directional radiation at the two and three
diodes is activated for different radiations.
Table 5 and Figure 6 and 7 display the
changing of the radiation antenna by
turning the diodes OFF or ON at different
positions while maintaining the same
frequency.
(a) at 14.2 GHz band
Table 5. The different states of the radiation
pattern reconfiguration
Freq.
(GHz)
S11
(dB)
Gain ƞ (%)
(dBi)
State
D (°)
B (%)
S2
S5
14.24 +52
20.75 4.8 77.19
26.7
(b) at 6.7 GHz band
Fig. 7. S11 parameters of radiation
reconfiguration
14.2
6.11
6.1 78.44
27 22.8
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(ISSN: 1859 - 4557)
In Table 6, the proposed antenna is while their lower resonant frequencies
compared with some other recently are the same. Though the operation
reported reconfigurable antennas. It can frequencies in [9], [13], and [14] are
be noted that the total size of antennas [8], lower four times. However, the volume of
[12] is larger than the proposed antenna these publics is much larger.
Table 6. Comparison of the proposed antenna and recent public antennas
References Volume Radiation
Switching
elements/
Frequency
(GHz)
Gain
(dBi)
B (%)
ƞ (%)
(mm3)
patterns
reconfigurations
[8]
[9]
10,268.8
4,275
6
4
6
6/12
4/4
5.1 - 5.9;
10
14.5
33.6
10
80.5
60
2.25 - 3.16;
4.11
[11]
32,357.5
6/6
3.5 - 3.9; 5.2 - 6.0
5.2; 10.5
1.02 - 1.8; 5.2 - 6.2
72 - 86
changing feed
network 1 over 4
channels
−80° ≤ 휃
≤ +80°
[12]
79,849
5.8
74
[13]
[14]
1,600,000
136,687.5
3
2
3/30
2/2
58
80 - 85
50
1.74;
3 - 3.9
14.1
2.67; 5.96;
14.97;
37.02;
7.82
5; 6.6;
14.2;
15.3;18.7
64.78-
86.09
This
article
2,473.086
2
4/4
4.7 - 6
14.2 GHz to 18.7 GHz in the Ku band, the
antenna is suitable for communication
application in satellite protection. At
5 GHz, antenna operation can access in
standard Wi-Fi at 5th generation is
802.11ac. All antenna performance
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the proposed Padovan
antenna which can reconfigure with
frequency and radiation using PIN diode
switching is presented. The output of the
antenna provides high efficiency and
overall small size compared to the
reconfigurable antennas studied recently.
With reconfiguration in frequency from
characters are
analysed by CST
simulation. The measurement results as
well as the power effect on PIN diode will
be done in the future research.
REFERENCES
[1] Naser Ojaroudi Parchin, Haleh Jahanbakhsh Basherlou, Yasir I.A. AlYasir, Raed A. Abd-Alhameed,
Ahmed M. Abdulkhaleq and James M. Noras, “Recent Developments of Reconfigurable Antennas
for Current and Future Wireless Communication Systems,” Electronics 2019, 26 January 2019.
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(ISSN: 1859 - 4557)
[2] Tayyaba Khan, MuhibUr Rahman, Adeel Akram, Yasar Amin and Hannu Tenhunen, “A Low-Cost
CPW-Fed Multiband Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Wireless Applications,” Electronics
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[3] Jayendra Kumar, Banani Basu, Fazal Ahmed Talukdar, Arnab Nandi, “Stable-multiband frequency
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[4] Ajay Yadav, Minakshi Tewari, and Rajendra P. Yadav, “Pixed Shap Ground Inspired Frequency
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frequency reconfigurable multiband antenna for microwave sensing applications,” IEEE Sensors
Letters, vol. 2(3), 2019.
[6] V. Arun and L.R. Karl Marx, “Internet of Things Controlled Reconfigurable Antenna for RF
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Antenna for Wireless Applications,” International Conference on Communication and Signal
Processing, April 4-6, 2019, India.
[8] Y. Yang and X. Zhu, "A Wideband Reconfigurable Antenna With 360° Beam Steering for 802.11ac
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[9] G. Jin, M. Li, D. Liu and G. Zeng, "A Simple Planar Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna Based on Arc
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[11] G. Yang, J. Li, D. Wei, S. Zhou and R. Xu, "Pattern Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna With
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[12] H. Zhou et al., "Reconfigurable Phased Array Antenna Consisting of High-Gain High-Tilt Circularly
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[13] S. Ahdi Rezaeieh and A.M. Abbosh, "Pattern-Reconfigurable Magneto electric Antenna Utilizing
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2715, June 2018.
Biography:
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Duong Thi Thanh Tu, received B.E, M.E and PhD degrees in Electronics and
Telecommunications from Hanoi University of Science in 1999 and 2005, and
2019, respectively. She is current senior lecturer at Faculty of Telecommunications
1, Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology.
Research interests include antenna design for new generation wireless networks
as well as the special structure of material such as metamaterial, electromagnetic
band gap structure.
Nguyen Tan Dung: His is current student at Faculty of Telecommunications 1,
Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology.
His current research interest is antenna design for new generation wireless
networks.
Hoang Thi Phuong Thao, Received B.E, M.E and PhD degrees in Electronics and
Telecommunications from Hanoi University of Science in 2004 and 2007, and
2019, respectively. She is current senior Lecturer at Electronics and
Telecommunications Faculty, Electric Power University.
Her current research interests are designing antenna, metamaterial, and
localization systems.
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