Bài giảng Introduction to Computer Programming (C language) - Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers and Programming - Võ Thị Ngọc Châu
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering
Chapter 1: Introduction to
Computers and Programming
Introduction to Computer Programming
(C language)
TS. Võ Thị Ngọc Châu
2017 – 2018, Semester 2
Course Content
C.1. Introduction to Computers and
Programming
C.2. C Program Structure and its
Components
C.3. Variables and Basic Data Types
C.4. Selection Statements
C.5. Repetition Statements
C.6. Functions
C.7. Arrays
C.8. Pointers
C.9. File Processing
2
References
[1] “C: How to Program”, 7th Ed. – Paul
Deitel and Harvey Deitel, Prentice Hall, 2012.
[2] “The C Programming Language”, 2nd Ed.
– Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie,
Prentice Hall, 1988
and others, especially those on the Internet
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Content
Introduction
Computer Organization
Programming Languages
Programming Tasks
Data and Algorithms
Summary
4
Introduction
Computer Programming
Computer
a device that can perform computations and make
logical decisions billions of times faster than human
beings can
Programming
The act of writing the programs executable on the
computers to produce intended results
Program
A sequence of instructions written in a programming
language to perform a specified task by the computer
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Introduction
Programs and
their Results
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Computers
Programming
Computer Organization
Hardware: physical components of
computer (including peripherals)
the keyboard, screen, mouse, hard disk,
memory, DVDs and processing units, …
Software: a set of machine-readable
instructions that directs a computer's
processor to perform specific operations
[Wikipedia]
Application softwares
Operating system
System softwares
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Computer Organization -
Hardware
Computer Architecture
ALU = Arithmetic/logic gate unit: performing
arithmetic and logic operations on data
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Computer Organization –
Software
9
Programming Languages
Programming language: a formal language
for writing a computer program as a
sequence of instructions
C, C++, C#, Java, PHP, Python, …
Three general types
Machine languages
Assembly languages
High-level languages
Providing a sequence of instructions that directly
understandable by computers or requiring some
intermediate translation steps
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Programming Languages –
Machine Languages
First-generation language: strings of
numbers (ultimately reduced to 1s and 0s)
that instruct computers to perform their
most elementary operations one at a time
Directly understandable by computers
Machine-dependent
For example, instructions for
adding overtime pay to base
pay and then storing the
result in gross pay
11
Programming Languages –
Assembly Languages
Second-generation language: a low-level
language used to interface with computer
hardware using English-like abbreviations
to represent elementary operations
Less understandable by computers
Need for translation steps to convert an
assembly language program to machine codes
Translator = Assembler
For example, instructions for
adding overtime pay to base
pay and then storing the
result in gross pay
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Programming Languages –
High-level Languages
Third-generation language: written
instructions that look almost like everyday
English and contain commonly used
mathematical notations
Less understandable by computers
Translator program is called compiler.
The C language is a high-level language that needs
a compiler.
Scripting languages such as PHP and Perl need an
interpreter.
For example, instructions for adding overtime pay to base pay and
then storing the result in gross pay: grosspay = basepay + overpay.
13
Programming Languages –
High-level Languages
Program File
Compiler
Binary File
CPU
Result
Result
C, C++, Java, …
Program File
Interpreter
CPU
PHP, Perl, …
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Programming Languages –
The C language
Evolved from B by Dennis Ritchie at Bell
Laboratories and originally implemented on
a DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972
Using many of the important concepts of
BCPL and B while adding data typing and
other powerful features
Used for many important application trends
Developing new major operating systems: UNIX,
Linux, Android, …
Developing programs in the embedded systems
in cars, medical machines, …
15
Programming Languages –
The C language
the inventor of the C programming language)
[Wikipedia]
The development of the C language
Full history of the C language
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Programming Tasks
Library
(Header: *.h)
Library
(Object code: *.lib; *.dll; *.so)
Design of
program
Executable
Program
Preprocessor
Linker
Editor
Compiler
Source code Enhanced source code
Object code
*.obj
*.h + *.c
(*.cpp)
*.h + *.c (*.cpp)
gcc; g++
Integrated Development Environment (IDE):
Visual Studio; Eclipse; Qt Creator; Code block; Online tool; etc
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Programming Tasks
Editor: supports text editing feature for
writing source code
Preprocessor: preprocesses the source code
with replacing macro, inserting library files
*.h, …
Compiler: translates the source code into
target machine language
Linker: links the object code to other library
files
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Data and Algorithms –
Concepts
Program
= A Sequence of Instructions Written in a
Programming Language to Perform a Specified
Task by the Computer
= Data and their Structures + Algorithms
Input/Output/…
Process
Example 1: instructions for adding overtime pay to base pay and
then storing the result in gross pay: grosspay = basepay + overpay.
Example 2: given n positive numbers, find the smallest one.
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Data and Algorithms –
Data
Atomic data: int, double, char, ...
Non-atomic data: array, struct, enum, …
A strong relationship between the data
structures and the operations on the data in
the corresponding structures
Example 1: instructions for adding overtime pay to base pay and
then storing the result in gross pay: grosspay = basepay + overpay.
- Input Data: basepay and overpay are positive real numbers
(double).
- Output Data: grosspay is also a positive real number (double).
Example 2: given n positive numbers, find the smallest one.
- Input Data: n positive real numbers are treated individually OR as
a collection (double)
- Output Data: minNumber is a positive real number (double).
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