Performance evaluation of cognitive multi-hop networks to assist building system
Journal of Science Technology and Food 21 (1) (2021) 15-22
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF COGNITIVE MULTI-HOP
NETWORKS TO ASSIST BUILDING SYSTEM
Ngo Hoang An1*, Tran Minh Hong2,
Le Van Hung2, Pham Minh Nam2
1Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI)
2Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City (IUH)
*Email: [email protected].vn
Received: 24 December 2020; Accepted: 5 March 2021
ABSTRACT
In recent years, cognitive relay networks (CRNs) have emerged as a fantastic trend in
research. It supports the establishment of a new communication network by spectrum-
sharing technique. However, most papers focus on studying the performance of the dual-hop
scheme. This paper evaluates the proposed multi-hop model by giving the closed-form multi-
hop network outage (OP). Simulation verifies our derivation and discovers the impact of
several related factors on the secondary outage probability. We also highlight the end-to-end
secondary multi-hop network by directly building the map to assist designers and operators
on a network.
Keywords: Multi-hop, congnitive relay networks, outage probability.
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, cognitive relay networks (CRNs) are considered by many researchers.
Instead of direct transmission from the source to its destination, the relay network has to
transfer its data via intermediate relays [1, 2]. In the cognitive regime, some transmitters
must adapt their transmit power to limit other receivers' impact in the cognitive relay
network. Theoretically, Goldsmith et al. [3] first proposed three key cognitive radio network
paradigms: underlay, overlay, and interweave. So far, most of the researchers are into the
underlay paradigm. The protocol exchanging data are Amplify-and-Forward (AF) [4],
Decode-and-Forward (DF), and Randomize-and-Forward (RF) [5], etc. However, network
performance significantly decreases when the secondary transmitters have to limit power by
many primary users (PUs). In [6], the authors investigate the performance of dual-hop
cognitive networks with multiple primary users. Though authors take into account the mutual
interference, the work considers the sketchy impact of the primary on the dual-hop
secondary network. Moreover, several primary location simulations did not fully know the
mutual influence between the two networks. Contrastly, the work [5] concerns with secure
communication and compares protocols: DF & RF. The authors also present the foot-print
map according to the relay position which gives the best information assisting in network
design. Until now, most papers have studied the dual-hop network model.
Some original proposal of the conventional multi-hop scheme was found in [7-9].
Because of the advantage of the low transmit power, low interfering to others, high coverage,
and high spectrum efficiency [10], the multi-hop network topology is interested in research
in spectrum sharing where the secondary route can be established under the licenced user at a
space. In this regime, the multi-hop scheme is better performance than dual-hop one [11, 12].
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Ngo Hoang An, Tran Minh Hong, Le Van Hung, Pham Minh Nam
In particular, Fig. 3 in [11] shows that the outage probability (OP) of the multi-hop
cooperative transmission (MCT) is the lowest where the network has 3 or 4 hops depending
on the harvesting factor. When it comes to the conventional multi-hop network (CMN), the
secrecy outage probability (SOP) in [13] indicates that the best number of hops is 3 and 4. In
other words, a triple-hop or quad-hop network is more efficient than dual-hop in these cases.
More extensive research, the authors in [14] conclude that the optimal number of hops of
MCT is a higher value than CMN. Moreover, the number of both is normally larger than 2 in
Table 1. In [15], the authors study the optimal power allocation of every node in which the
secrecy rate increase is the main target. Each node is possible of MRC (Maximal Radio
Combining) on the frame included multiple time slots. They gave out the algorithm to find
the best power vector in terms of LOS (Ligh of Sight) or Non-LOS. However, the multi-hop
network occupies its own spectrum. In [16], the authors propose the cognitive network
model in which the secondary multi-hop network is constrained power by the multiple
antenna primary network. Solved the multi-antenna system by TAS/SC diversity (Transmit
Antenna Selection/Selection Combining), the authors calculate the optimal of the OP of
primary network that it assists in enhancing the OP on the multi-hop network. Nevertheless,
the Rician fading is modeled in the data link. Whereas, the work in [13] use Rayleigh fading
for its proposal to derive the SOP with the i.n.i.d primary node distribution. Having said that
all aforementioned papers did not show clearly map supports to directly network design.
To the best of our knowledge, hardly papers fully cover the multiple primary users’
impact on the outage of the secondary multi-hop network and show the foot-print form to
support the design of new cognitive multi-hop networks except [5]. Ignoring the security,
this work concentrates on the multi-hop outage performance in CRNs via building the map
directly to assist designers and operators on a new network. Furthermore, the hardware
imperfection is also concerned in our analysis.
2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
2.1. Network model
Figure 1 shows the structure of the proposed cognitive networks. The primary network
has L PUs, which has more priority in communication. Hence, to avoid suffering from
IPi
others, PUs define their own interference threshold
so that other transmitters have to
adjust to satisfy these thresholds. Besides, the secondary multi-hop network has a source
relays
via K orthogonal time slots. Source ST transmits the signal to ST in the
K
ST that transfers data to its destination STK with the assistance of
0
ST ...STK
1
0
1
first slot, exploited Decode-and-Forward (DF) protocol. Next, ST similarly transmits
1
signal to ST2 in the second time slot. The process is repeated until the data send over K
time slots. It is assumed that all channels in the proposed model are subject to slowly varying
Rayleigh fading.
Figure 1. Network model
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Performance evaluation of cognitive multi-hop networks to assist building system
2.2. Performance evaluation
2.2.1. Limitation of the secondary transmit power due to the multiple interference constraints
To avoid the inteference between the PUs and secondary transmitter
, all the
STk
secondary nodes has to adjust their power as long as the PUs can decode their signals.
According to the formula 13.26 [17], the transmit power of the relates to
STk
gk,1Qk
(1)
where
is the real transmit power of
k-1 , and IP1 ,...,IPL are the maximum interference
Qk
ST
For the sake of simplicity, we assume that every
levels at the respective
PU1,...,PUL.
interference threshold IP1 ,...,IPL is equal to
Hence, the domain that is satisfied all
IP .
inequalities in (1) can be writen to
max gk
Q
I
(2)
(3)
i
Qk
.
mk
i
It is also assumed that we have
L PUs, which located in the form of a cluster, and takes
account into path-loss, we have the maximum allowable normalized power following
Q
N0 max
P
,
(4)
k
N0
i
where
. More clearly, the dk
is the distance between the
and PUs. is
ST
k-1
the path loss exponent. Similarily, we have
is of the
k-th
hop.
2.2.2. Performance evaluation of the secondary multi-hop network
Because of cluster form in the primary network, we denote Vkmax
, where
i
is the channel gain from
to
. When it comes to the secondary network, the
PUi
ST
k-1
instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at a secondary receiver expresses by
P
(5)
where
P
is in (4), and
is the normalized channel coefficient of ST to ST link. The
k-1 k
k
is respective harware impairment level, as defined in [18, 19]. Also, we symbolize
k-th
A
,
Bk
Thus, the outage of the
hop is given to
OP
(6)
k
where
is the target rate.
Remarkably, the interference channels suffer from slow Rayleigh fading and have the
same distances, we have
F
Vkmax
x
(7)
i
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Ngo Hoang An, Tran Minh Hong, Le Van Hung, Pham Minh Nam
and
(8)
(9)
fVmax
x
.
k
Back to (6), the outage rewrites to
OP
k
With the
, the probability is absolutely right. Hence, we only consider the
otherwise. In that case, the (9) changes to
OP
k
(10)
k-th
After some algebra manipulations, we have the outage of the
hop as follows
1
OP
.
(11)
k
By exploiting the DF protocol to transfer data from the source to destination, we finally
obtain the closed form of the end-to-end outage probability of the secondary multi-hop
network under multiple interference constraints and present to following
1
OP
.
(12)
3. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Verification of the theoretical derivation
On the XY plane, we set the source at 0,0 and the destination at 1,0 . All the relays
are located at the source and destination gap so that its communication distance is the same as
K
K
ST 0,0.33 , ST 0,0.67
others. For example, when
ST 0,0.5 , and when
.
1
1
2
The PUs were installed at xP , yP
.
L
Figure 2. OP as a function of A when
xP
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Performance evaluation of cognitive multi-hop networks to assist building system
As seen in Figure 2, the end-to-end OP goes down when the
rises. It is because
IP /N0
the
looser, the multi-hop transmitters can transmit with higher power at that time. It
IP /N0
leads to OP reduction. When it comes to the number of secondary hops, we observe that the
OP is a lower value where the number of hops increases. It relates to the shorten distance on
each hop.
K
A
Figure 3. OP as a function of τ when
xP
Figure 3 shows the OP as a function of various hardware imperfections. In fact, when
the imperfect level increases to one, the transmission is unsuccessful because of OP = 1
regardless of other factors. Compared to the model [14] which exists power beacons and
primary users, the hardware impairment tolerance is higher where OP = 1 due to the fact that
its transmit power is not constrained in this case. Besides, more PUs results in higher OP value.
3.2. Building footprints of the desired network
Figure 4. OP on the PU’s location map when
,
A
K L
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Ngo Hoang An, Tran Minh Hong, Le Van Hung, Pham Minh Nam
We determine the end-to-end multi-hop outage with the verified derivation above in
terms of fixed
on half of the vicinity in Figure 4. As seen, OP is the highest when
K L
the PU is nearest the transmitter or receiver. Compared to [10], [20, 21], and [22] with simply
sliding the Eavesdropper, the Relay, and the Power Beacon respectively in one direction (1D),
the Figure above indicates that the multi-hop network is not only severely affected
performance by PU’s location on the horizontal direction but also significantly changed on the
vertical PU’s moving. Back to [5] with a 2D optimal relay map, Figure 4 clearly shows the
map which indicates the effect of PUs on the performance of the secondary multi-hop
network. Based on this map, it is recommended that setting a new network install the multi-
hop transceiver positions in the condition that the PUs are placed farther the multi-hop
network.
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we evaluate the performance of the secondary multi-hop network in the
underlay CRNs paradigm. Our research shows that the multi-hop topology has better
performance when compared to dual-hop in the same condition. Many more PUs results in
low multi-hop QoS. The hardware imperfection can influent the end-to-end OP, but it is
significant if the level is 1. Based on the PU’s location map, we suggest that the multi-hop
transceiver needs farther away from the PUs if it’s possible.
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Ngo Hoang An, Tran Minh Hong, Le Van Hung, Pham Minh Nam
TÓM TẮT
ĐÁNH GIÁ HIỆU NĂNG MẠNG ĐA CHẶNG NHẬN THỨC
NHẰM HỖ TRỢ XÂY DỰNG HỆ THỐNG MẠNG
Ngô Hoàng Ấn1*, Trần Minh Hồng2,
Lê Văn Hùng2, Phạm Minh Nam2
1Trường Đại học Công nghiệp Thực phẩm TP.HCM (HUFI)
2Trường Đại học Công nghiệp TP.HCM (IUH)
Trong những năm gần đây, mạng chuyển tiếp nhận thức (CRNs) đã được quan tâm
như một xu hướng nghiên cứu mới. Đặc tính của mạng nhận thức có thể hỗ trợ thiết lập một
mạng truyền thông mới bằng kỹ thuật chia sẻ phổ tần. Tuy nhiên, hầu hết các bài báo trước
đây chỉ dừng lại ở việc nghiên cứu hiệu năng của mạng thứ cấp với sơ đồ hai chặng
(dual-hop). Bài báo này đánh giá hiệu năng của mô hình mạng đa chặng bằng cách đưa ra
công thức xác suất dừng từ đầu cuối đến đầu cuối. Từ đó, mô phỏng kiểm chứng tính chính
xác của các kết quả đưa ra. Ngoài ra, kết quả mô phỏng cho thấy những ảnh hưởng của một
số yếu tố liên quan khác đến xác suất dừng của mạng đa chặng thứ cấp. Chúng tôi đặc biệt
đưa ra được biểu đồ xác xuất dừng hệ thống trong mối tương quan ở dạng footprint nhằm hỗ
trợ trực tiếp các nhà thiết kế và vận hành mạng.
Từ khoá: Mạng chuyển tiếp đa chặng, mạng nhận thức, xác suất dừng.
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