Development of SDN-Based wi-fi ap using openwrt and raspberry PI 3
Hai-Chau Le and Khac-Tuan Nguyen
DEVELOPMENT OF SDN-BASED WI-FI AP
USING OPENWRT AND RASPBERRY PI 3
Hai-Chau Le* and Khac-Tuan Nguyen
Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
* Corresponding author: chaulh@ptit.edu.vn
demands on quality of service. In fact, software-defined
networking (SDN) that has been developed to support
virtualizing and provisioning dynamically network
resources in an on-demand manner are capable of handling
those challenges and requirements [5-6]. SDN offers an
abstraction of underlying network to applications residing
in upper layers and implements the control plane as a
software component while locating data plane in the
network devices [7-9]. The networking functionalities of
SDN devices are replaced by just forwarding devices while
the intelligence of where and how to make forwarding is
placing in control plane in software form (called
controller). These approaches help to transform the
network resources into programmable, automation and
network control, highly scalable and flexible networks
based on the business needs [6, 7]. Hence, SDN technology
in the context of IoT communication devices (SD-IoT)
have recently attracted some attention [9-11].
Abstract: We have successfully developed
a
prototype of SDN-based Wi-Fi access point device for
IoT communication. The proposed device, that is based
on Raspberry pi 3, uses Linux-based OpenWrt
firmware and Open vSwitch software. It is compatible
with OpenFlow 1.5 and includes one built-in 100 Mbps
Ethernet port. Thanks to taking the advantages of SDN
technology, open source software and low-cost mini-
computer, the developed SDN-based device has a
reasonable cost while it is flexible, scalable and still
fully supports advanced network functions. The device
also can be deployed as a network device with various
functions such as hub, switch, firewall, … which is
determined by a controlling program installed in the
SDN controller. The AP configuration and its
performance have been verified by testing
experiments. The obtained numerical results proved
the effective and scalable performance of the developed
SDN-based Wi-Fi AP for next generation WLAN and
IoT communication infrastructure.1
On the other hand, wireless local area networks
(WLANs), one of the key technologies for IoT
communication using unlicensed radio bands, have been
used widely in enterprises, campuses, offices, and home
environments to support mobile devices through access
points (APs) [12-14]. After attaching to an IEEE 802.11
AP, a mobile device can send and receive packets via the
wired infrastructure through WLAN. Unlike thin APs
which are usually installed with licensed firmware and
deployed in large enterprises, fat APs are wildely deployed
in homes and small offices to provide wireless connection
to user devices and offer router-like network services such
as dynamic host configuration protocols (DHCP) and
network address translation (NAT), … Existing WLAN
unified access platforms are costly and closed systems, and
they typically include LAN switches, WLAN controllers,
and APs as the entire solution supplied by a single vendor
[15, 16]. Up to now, some commercially available
software‐defined networking (SDN) WLAN solutions have
been announced, i.e. HP acquired Aruba Networks,
Keywords: Software-defined networking, Wi-Fi access
point, OVS, OpenFlow.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently, the rapid emergence of Internet of Things
leverages the promise of many important new benefits but
it also poses some potential challenges and issues [1-3]. To
support a vast number of connected devices with
heterogeneous characteristics, IoT communication
infrastructure needs new architectures and advanced device
technologies that are able to accommodate the explosively
ever-increasing,
bandwidth-flexible
traffic.
New
communication technologies are, hence, required to
consume less power, need low bandwidth, have low
computation power and provide mobility and seamless
communication [3-4]. Furthermore, those devices are also
required to be cost-effective, flexible and scalable for
providing IoT heterogeneous services with various
Tác giả liên hệ: Lê Hải Châu
Email: [email protected]du.vn
Đến tòa soạn: 2/2020, chỉnh sửa: 4/2020, chấp nhận đăng: 4/2020
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DEVELOPMENT OF SDN-BASED WI-FI AP USING OPENWRT AND RASPBERRY PI 3
Fortinet acquired Meru Networks, … [17-19]. However,
solutions by vendors are proprietary and it is difficult toadd
new features.
card 802.11b/g/n [25-27], one built-in 100 Mbps Ethernet
port and 4 USB ports. These features meet the requirements
of our targeted SDN-based Wi-Fi access point perfectly.
In this paper, we study a feasible software‐defined
networking WLAN solution that leverages OpenFlow
technique and provides affordable centralized WLAN
service. We have developed a prototype of SDN based Wi-
Fi AP for IoT communication. The developed SDN-based
Wi-Fi AP is based on Raspberry pi 3 integrated with
OpenWrt firmware [20] and Open vSwitch software.
Because of the use of SDN technology, open source
software and low-cost mini-computer, our developed
device has a reasonable cost while it is flexible, scalable
and still fully supports advanced network functions. We
have also verified and tested the designed configuration
and performance of the developed device. The
experimental results proved the effective and scalable
performance of the developed SDN-based Wi-Fi AP
system for IoT communication infrastructure.
In addition, OpenWrt firmware which is an open source
project for embedded operating system based on Linux,
primarily used on embedded devices to route network
traffic [20]. The OpenWrt project started in January 2004
and the first OpenWrt versions were based on Linksys GPL
sources for WRT54G and a buildroot from the uClibc
project. This version was known as OpenWrt “stable
release” and was widely in use. OpenWrt uses official
GNU/Linux kernel sources and only adds patches for the
system on chip and drivers for the network interfaces. The
developer team tries to re-implement most of the
proprietary code inside the GPL tarballs of the different
vendors. There are free tools for writing new firmware
images directly into the flash, for configuring the wireless
LAN chip and to program the VLAN-capable switch via
the proc filesystem [20]. Main components of OpenWrt are
Linux, util-linux, musl, … and OpenWrt components have
been optimized to be small enough to fit into the limited
storage and memory available in home-devices or mini-
computers. It can be a great operating system option for
small-size and low-cost wireless devices such as Wi-Fi
access point, wireless router, … Hence, in our work, we
deploy OpenWrt/LEDE to realize the prototype of our
SDN-based Wi-Fi access point. Even security is one of the
critical issues for wireless APs, it is out of the paper scope
thanks to using open-source OpenWrt/LEDE which is
updating continuously.
II. PROTOTYPE OF SDN-BASED WI-FI AP WITH
OPENWRT AND RASPBERRY PI
In this work, we target a small-scale, cost-effective and
OpenFlow-enable Wi-Fi access point device that is flexible
and scalable for IoT communication infrastructure in near
future. In order to realize a low-cost and flexible device, we
exploit multi-purpose hardware platforms, open-source
software and SDN technologies. We build a system with an
open source firmware, i.e. OpenWrt [20], and a commercial
off‐the‐shelf hardware, Raspberry pi 3 [21, 22], and
develop a mechanism to control wireless bandwidth by
using OpenFlow technique [23, 24]. Figure 1 shows the
functional design of our developed SDN-based Wi-Fi AP
prototype that is based on a Raspberry pi 3, OpenWrt
firmware and OVS software.
On the other hand, in order to leverage SDN technology
and provide affordable, flexible WLAN Wi-Fi access
point, our device has been implemented and deployed in
the way where network administrators can exploit the
extensibility and flexibility of OpenFlow‐based SDN
switches and controller and they can also develop
customized application modules and required features. An
important component to enable SDN technology in the
device is open source software named Open vSwitch
(OVS). Even there are several open-source SDN switching
software including Openflow switch, OVS, … [24], OVS
is one of the most promising ones thanks to its high
compatibility and well-developed modules. Open vSwitch
that can support OpenFlow protocols is a software switch.
It includes a kernel module (openvswitch.ko) and a user
space daemon (vswitchd). The user space daemon deploys
the switch and employs the kernel module to perform some
time critical switch processing. Open vSwitch is able to
operate both as a soft switch running within the hypervisor,
and as the control stack for switching silicon [20]. In fact,
this open source software has been ported to multiple
virtualization platforms as well as many switching chipsets.
Table I summarizes key parameters of the developed SDN-
based Wi-Fi AP prototype.
Figure 1. Functional architecture of SDN-based Wi-Fi
AP.
Up to now, many multi-purpose mini-computer
systems have commercially introduced for a wide range of
applications with a reasonable price, such as Raspberry pi,
IBM NUC, … [19, 21]. Among those devices, Raspberry
pi 3 is one of the most popular and cheapest devices [22],
especially in Vietnam. It supports a great configuration
including 1.2 GHz CPU, 1 Gbyte RAM, one built-in Wi-Fi
TABLE I. SDN-BASED WI-FI AP CONFIGURATION
Parameters
Hardware kit
RAM
Values
Raspberry Pi 3 model B
1 GB
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Hai-Chau Le and Khac-Tuan Nguyen
Chipset
Chip rate
Broadcom BCM2837 chipset
1.2 GHz Quad-Core ARM
Cortex-A53
sources. When a traffic flow requests to be forwarded, the
destination is looked up in the updated table. If the output
port could not be found , the switch simply sends the
message out all ports except the one it came in on. In short,
the learning algorithm of a layer-2 switch is described as
following.
Operating system
Linux kernel 4.9
OpenWrt 18.06.4
1 port / 100 Mbps
2.8.5
Ethernet port
OVS version
<OpenFlow control algorithm for layer 2 switch>:
Step 1: Waiting for a new flow
OpenFlow protocol
Wi-Fi card
version 1.5
Broadcom BCM43438
WLAN 802.11g / 2.4GHz
Ethernet 100 Mbps
Scan input ports.
If there is a new flow, go to Step 2, otherwise repeat Step
1.
WAN interface
Step 2: Serving new flow
For each packet from the switch:
Thanks to OpenvSwitch, the developed device, a
software switch, offers many advantages. It is capable of
not only providing the same functionality as a regular
switch, but also being easily extensible and flexibly
configurable. The developed router is configured through a
simple database (called ovsdb) that can be modified by
some tools including ovsdb-client, ovsdb-tool and ovs-
vsctl. The database utilizes JSON protocol to communicate
and store data. In addition, the switch uses ovs-ofctl tool to
deal with OpenFlow commands.
Use source address and switch port to update
address/port table
If transparent = False and either Ethertype is LLDP or the
packet's destination address is a Bridge Filtered address,
then drop packet and return Step 1.
If destination is multicast, then flood the packet and
return Step 1.
If port for destination address in our address/port table,
then flood the packet and return Step 1.
If output port is the same as input port, then drop packet
and similar ones for a while and return Step 1.
Install flow table entry in the switch so that this
flow
goes out the appropriate port and then, send the packet
out appropriate port.
Go back to Step 1.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, key designed parameters of the
developed SDN-Wi-Fi access point device were tested and
verified. Our developed device can support typical Wi-Fi
standards including 802.11 b/g/n and be compatible with
Openflow 1.5. It also can be controlled by both popular
interfaces including graphical user interface (GUI) and
command line interface (CLI). The device networking
functions are deployed and controlled by an SDN
controller. Thanks to using OVS, the device is compatible
with typical SDN controllers such as Opendaylight, Ryu,
… However, for simplicity, we used POX version 0.5.0 in
our experiments. We have also evaluated the performance,
in terms of bandwidth, of the device in different
experimental scenarios.
Figure 2. The developed SDN-based Wi-Fi AP prototype and
Web-based GUI.
The developed wireless access point system can work
as a fat AP that is managed by an SDN controller over an
OpenFlow channel with the optional transport layer
security protocol to provide connection services. WLAN
architecture with fat Openflow-enable APs and SDN
controller provides a flexible way to manage a Wi-Fi
wireless network in several aspects, such as bandwidth,
antenna power, etc., on the basis of the advantage that the
SDN controller can manage APs dynamically and
interactively. To control the developed AP equipped with
an Open vSwitch, we use POX controller and have also
developed a layer 2 switch control program based on
Python language. Figure 2 show the real package of the
SDN-based Wi-Fi AP prototype which is connected to a
POX controller software running on a laptop. A learning
switch (layer 2 switch) "brain", the switch controlling
component, associated with a single OpenFlow switch. In
order to switch a packet to an appropriate output port, a
mapping table that maps addresses to ports needs to be
built. Actually, we can populate the table by observing
traffic to learn about certain output ports of some specific
A. System Configuration Verification
We have practically tested our developed prototype of
SDN-based Wi-Fi AP in order to verify the designed
configuration. We set up an experimental testbed including
our SDN-based Wi-Fi device controlled by a POX
controller which is installed in a laptop and a mobile phone
as a Wi-Fi access device. Note that our Open vSwitch can
work well with other SDN controllers such as Ryu, NOX,
Opendaylight, …
Figures 3 and 4 describe the OpenFlow configuration
of our developed device as designed. It was demonstrated
that the AP prototype was successfully connected to the
controller at the IP address of 192.168.1.10 through a TCP
port (TCP port number of 6633). Moreover, the versions of
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DEVELOPMENT OF SDN-BASED WI-FI AP USING OPENWRT AND RASPBERRY PI 3
the deployed OVS software and the operating OpenFlow
protocol were 2.8.5 and 1.5 respectively.
Figure 6. Configurable Web-based interface of the SDN-based
Wi-Fi AP prototype.
Figure 3. SDN configuration of the Wi-Fi AP prototype.
B. Performance Evaluation
In this part, we have practically tested the performance,
in terms of connection speed, of our developed SDN-based
Wi-Fi AP. Using a similar experimental setup to that from
the previous part, the developed device is controlled by a
POX controller installed in a laptop to provide Wi-Fi access
while a mobile or a laptop is used as a Wi-Fi station. The
Wi-Fi station used Wi-Fi 802.11g which offers the
maximum speed of 54 Mbps. Each experimental scenario
was repeated five times and its average result was then
calculated and summarized.
Figure 4. Versions of SDN components (OpenFlow and Open
vSwitch).
The SDN-based Wi-Fi AP prototype is then activated
as a wireless switch by applying the corresponding POX
control program (forwarding.l2_learning) which has been
introduced in the section II. Figure 5 shows that the device
worked properly to provide a flow connection. In fact,
depending on the applied control program, our device can
be deployed with any appropriate networking functional
device like switch, router, firewall, …
Figure 7. Transmission speed.
Figure 5. CLI of POX controller on the laptop.
Figure 7 shows the obtained speed of the developed
prototype when the traffic generated by the mobile station
was increasing from 5 Mbps to 60 Mbps. The results
confirm that the maximal transmission speed is about 54
Mbps, the limited rate of 802.11g. The received rate is
increasing with the generated traffic when it is less than 54
Mbps however, when the transmitted traffic is greater than
54 Mbps, the mobile station can receive only up to 54 Mbps
and drop the remaining traffic.
Moreover, Figure 6 depict the Web-based configuration
and O&M (Operation and Maintenance) interface of the
developed device. Similar to those of common Wi-Fi Aps,
the device configuration in term of Wi-Fi parameters
including channel number, Wi-Fi standard version and
associated station information can be set up and controlled.
Our device can support three Wi-Fi standards, 802.11b/g/n.
As being demonstrated in the Figure 6, one laptop was
connected through Wi-Fi 802.11g with the speed of 54
Mbit/s on the channel number 11 with the carrier frequency
of 2.462 GHz. Detailed information including MAC
address, host name, current signal/noise value and RX/TX
rates can be also provided on the Web interface.
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Hai-Chau Le and Khac-Tuan Nguyen
enables OpenFlow 1.5 for IoT communication. The
proposed device, that is based on a Raspberry pi 3 and
therefore, it is very cost-effective, uses OpenWrt firmware
and Open vSwitch software. Byusing SDN technology, our
developed device can be deployed as a network device with
various functions such as hub, switch, firewall, ... which
depend on Python-based controlling program installed in
the SDN controller. The SDN-based Wi-Fi AP
performance has been verified by testing experiments. The
obtained numerical results proved the effective and
scalable performance of the developed SDN-based Wi-Fi
AP prototype. With a built-in Wi-Fi card and without
external antenna, the SDN-Wi-Fi access point prototype
can cover the range of about 20 meters. This device can be
a promising approach for creating flexible and effective
IoT network devices.
Figure 8. Dependence of bandwidth on distance.
In addition, in order to estimate the cover range of the
SDN-based Wi-Fi AP, we tested and measured the
transmission speed with different connection distance (the
distance between the AP and the mobile station). Figure 8
shows the impact of connection distance on the bandwidth.
It informs that the attained bandwidth is decreased when
the distance becomes longer. The cover distance of the
developed AP is limited due to the use of the built-in Wi-
Fi card. In fact, the cover range will be extended by using
a suitable external antenna however, this extention is
ignored in this paper and will be investigated more details
in next stage of the research to figure out suitable
applications for the developed device.
REFERENCES
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[12] Behnam Dezfouli, Vahid Esmaeelzadeh, Jaykumar Sheth, and
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1
3
4
5
6
7
12 14 20
Distance (m)
Figure 9. The percentage of received power versus distance.
Finally, we also measured the received power of the
mobile station to explain the dependence of the
performance on the connection distance. Figure 9
demonstrates the dependence of the received power on the
connection distance. The power received at the mobile
station is significantly reduced as the mobile station is
moving far from the AP. This power decrease explains why
the bandwidth of the Wi-Fi connection is lessen with the
increase of the connection distance. Again, in order to cope
with long range connections, it is required to equip the
developed SDN-based Wi-Fi AP device with an
appropriate external antenna.
[13] Hisham Elzain, and Yang Wu, “Software Defined Wireless Mesh
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IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have successfully developed a cost-
effective scalable SDN-based Wi-Fi AP prototype that
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đo kiểm. Các kết quả đạt được đã thể hiện sự hiệu quả và
khả năng mở rộng linh hoạt của thiết bị được phát triển.
[16] Ahmed Abdelaziz, Ang Tan Fong, Abdullah Gani, Suleman Khan,
Faiz Alotaibi, Muhammad Khurram Khan, “On Software-Defined
Wireless Network (SDWN) Network Virtualization: Challenges and
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1510–1519, October 2017.
Từ khoá: Mạng định nghĩa bằng phần mềm, điểm truy
nhập Wi-Fi, OVS, OpenFlow.
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Haiqi, “SDN in the home: A survey of home network solutions using
Software Defined Networking”, Cogent Engineering 5, no. 1, pp.
1469949, 2018.
Hai-Chau Le received the B.E.
degree
Telecommunications Engineering
from Posts and
Telecommunications Institute of
Technology (PTIT) of
in Electronics
and
[19] Miano Sebastiano, and Fulvio Risso, “Transforming a traditional
Vietnam in 2003, and the M.Eng.
and D.Eng. degrees in Electrical
home gateway into
a hardware-accelerated SDN switch”,
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 10,
no. 3, pp. 2668, 2020.
Engineering
and
Computer
[21] John C. Shovic, “Raspberry pi IoT projects,” Apress, 2016.
Science from Nagoya University
of Japan in 2009 and 2012,
respectively. From 2012 to 2015,
he was a researcher in Nagoya
University of Japan and in
University of California, Davis,
USA. He is currently a lecturer in
Telecommunications Faculty at
PTIT. His research interests
include optical technologies,
network design and optimization
and future network technologies.
He is an IEEE member.
[26] 802.11-2012
- IEEE Standard for Information technology–
Telecommunications and information exchange between systems
Local and metropolitan area networks–Specific requirements Part
11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
Layer (PHY) Specifications. Tech. Rep. IEEE Std 802.11TM-2012,
IEEE-Inst.
Khac-Tuan Nguyen is a 5th year
bachelor student in the field
NGHIÊN CỨU PHÁT TRIỂN HỆ THỐNG TRUY
NHẬP WI-FI ĐỊNH NGHĨA BẰNG PHẦN MỀM SỬ
DỤNG RASPBERRY PI 3 VÀ OPENWRT
of Electronics
Telecommunications Engineering
at Posts and
Telecommunications Institute
and
Lê Hải Châu và Nguyễn Khắc Tuấn
Học viện Công nghệ Bưu chính Viễn thông
of Technology of Vietnam, and is
currently an active member of
Information network research
group of Telecommunications
Faculty I in PTIT. His research
interests include SDN, NFV, and
future network technologies.
Tóm tắt: Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi đã nghiên cứu và
phát triển thành công một mẫu thiết bị truynhập Wi-Fi định
nghĩa bằng phần mềm cho truyền thông IoT. Thiết bị được
phát triển dựa trên nền tảng Raspberry pi 3, sử dụng
firmware OpenWrt dựa vào nhân Linux và phần mềm
chuyển mạch SDN mã nguồn mở Open vSwitch. Hệ thống
này có khả năng tương thích với giao thức OpenFlow 1.5
và hỗ trợ giao diện WAN qua một cổng Ethernet dựng sẵn
100 Mbps. Nhờ việc khai thác các ưu điểm của công nghệ
SDN, công nghệ mã nguồn mở và nền tảng máy tính cỡ nhỏ
giá thành rẻ, mẫu thiết bị truy nhập Wi-Fi định nghĩa bằng
phần mềm có giá thành chấp nhận được trong khi vẫn rất
linh hoạt, có khả năng mở rộng tốt và cho phép hỗ trợ đầy
đủ các tính năng mạng tiên tiến. Thiết bị này cũng có thể
được triển khai thành các thiết bị mạng với các tính năng
khác nhau như hub, switch, router hay firewall, … bằng
cách sử dụng phần mềm điều khiển được lập trình và cài
đặt trên bộ điều SDN. Cấu hình và hiệu năng của mẫu thiết
bị này được kiểm thử và xác minh thông qua các thí nghiệm
SỐ 01 (CS.01) 2020
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC CÔNG NGHỆ THÔNG TIN VÀ TRUYỀN THÔNG
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File đính kèm:
- development_of_sdn_based_wi_fi_ap_using_openwrt_and_raspberr.pdf
