A 8×1 sprout-shaped antenna array with low sidelobe level of -25 dB
VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 1 (2017) 22-27
A 8×1 Sprout-Shaped Antenna Array
with Low Sidelobe Level of -25 dB
Tang The Toan1, Nguyen Minh Tran2, Truong Vu Bang Giang2,*
1University of Hai Duong
2VNU University of Engineering and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Abstract
This paper proposes a 8 × 1 sprout-shaped antenna array with low sidelobe level (SLL) for outdoor point to
point applications. The array has the dimensions of 165 mm × 195 mm × 1.575 mm and is designed on Rogers
RT/Duroid 5870tm with the thickness of 1.575 mm and permittivity of 2.33. In order to achieve low SLL,
Chebyshev distribution weights corresponding to SLL preset at -30 dB has been applied to design the feed of the
array. Unequal T-junction dividers have been used to ensure that the output powers are proportional to the
Chebyshev amplitude distribution. A reflector has been added to the back of the antenna to improve the
directivity. The simulated results show that the proposed array can work at 4.95 GHz with the bandwidth of 185
MHz. Moreover, it can provide the gain up to 12.9 dBi and SLL suppressed to -25 dB. A prototype has also been
fabricated and measured. A good agreement between simulation and measurement has been obtained. It is
proved that the array can be a good candidate for point to point communications.
Received 01 May 2017; Revised 20 June 2017; Accepted 27 June 2017
Keywords: Linear microstrip antenna array, Chebyshev distribution, Low sidelobe.
1. Introduction*
attention from designers and researchers
worldwide. Nevertheless, microstrip antenna
arrays have faced the difficulty of gaining low
SLL as being affected by the spurious radiation
form the feeding network. Thus, in order to
achieve relative SLL of 20 dB or below, the
feeding network should not be on the same
substrate face with the radiation patch [2]. It
means that the low SLL microstrip antenna
arrays must have at least two layers to
distinguish the radiation element and the
feeding network. This makes the antennas more
complicated to manufacture, and larger in size.
To gain low SLL in microstrip antenna
arrays, the feeding network can be designed to
get the output signals in accordance with the
amplitude distribution. There are some common
amplitude weighting methods, for example
Binomial, Chebyshev, and Taylor [3]. Of three
Outdoor point to point access points often
require high gain antenna to enhance the
coverage and signal quality [1]. Moreover,
modern wireless systems, nowadays, are often
equipped with microstrip antennas which have
benefits of low profile, light weight and easy
integration. In order to get high gain, microstrip
arrays have been employed, but conventional
ones will generate high SLL which wastes
energy in undesired directions and gets
interferences to the systems. Therefore, due to
the abilities of minimization of interferences
and saving the energy radiated in undesired
direction, low SLL arrays has captured great
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T.T. Toan et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 1 (2017) 22-27
23
methods, Chebyshev arrays are preferable due
to having optimum beamwidth for a specified
SLL [3, 4]. Among three methods, Chebyshev
arrays can provide better directivity with lower
SLL [5].
antenna array with low cross-polarization, low
SLL and backlobe has been given. The array
was designed with a good matched feeding
network and can offer low SLL of -20.9 dB.
The array consisting of 6 microstrip patches has
been designed to suppress the sidelobes [15].
Though applying Chebyshev weights, this
antenna can only get -16 dB sidelobe
suppression. [16] presented a low SLL series
fed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array
with 22 elements. This antenna can achieve
SLL of -30 dB, but it is impractical as it is
really lengthy. W. Shen, J. Lin, and K. Yang
have introduced two low SLL and wideband
series feed linear DRA array in [17, 14]. The
two antennas have the SLL of -23 dB and −27
dB, respectively. However, those proposals are
difficult to fabricate due to the complex
structure of the feeding network (2-3 layers)
that may cause high fabrication tolerance.
In the literature, a number of low SLL
linear microstrip arrays that applied Chebyshev
amplitude distribution have been studied and
introduced. In 1989, J. Wang and J. Litva
introduced a new design for low sidelobe
microstrip antenna array [6]. The antenna,
which consists of 10 rectangular patches, can
achieve -25 dB SLL. However, to minimize the
effects of the feed on the radiation of the arrays,
the feed is quite large. In [7], a microstrip linear
antenna array with 5 elements, fed by
Chebyshev amplitude weights and has been
proposed. The array has a smaller size but can
only get -17 dB of SLL. Another 5×1 linear
array antenna with side lobe suppression has
been proposed by Y. P. Saputra [8]. The
antenna can only provide SLL around -20 dB at
the frequency of 9.3 GHz. Several corporate
feed arrays with low SLL has been designed
and presented in [9, 10]. A. Nesic has
introduced the design of printed antenna arrays
with high side lobe suppression [9, 11]. The
array with 8 double side printed dipoles can
achieve a high gain of 20 dB with SLL of -34
dB. However, to increase the gain, corner
reflector consisting of two metal plates has been
added, and this makes the antenna bigger and
more complicated to fabricate. The authors in
[10] presented the design of a low sidelobe
collinear antenna array with 8 printed dipole
elements. This array can achieve -25 dB SLL
and gain of around 15 dB. However, the array
has 3D structure so that it is also difficult to
fabricate. Another 8×1 aperture coupled patch
linear array has been proposed in [12].
Although having 3 layers to distinguish the
radiation patch and the feed, the array can only
acquire about -18 dB SLL.
In the authors’ previous work, the analysis
and procedure to design the feeding network
using Chebyshev weighting method has been
presented in [18]. This procedure has been used
to build the feeding network of the array in
this work.
In this work, we proposed a low SLL linear
microstrip antenna array that has simple
structure to fabricate using printed circuit board
(PCB) technology. The array consists of 8
double-sided printed dipoles (DSDP). The
Chebyshev amplitude weights (corresponding
to SLL of -30 dB) has been used in designing
the feeding network of the array to gain low
SLL. The simulation results indicate that the
antenna can operate at 4.95 GHz with
bandwidth of 185 MHz. Moreover, the
simulated gain and SLL are 12.9 dBi and -25
dB, respectively. A prototype has been
fabricated and measured. Good agreement
between simulation and measurement has been
obtained. The detailed of the design will be
presented in the next section.
In order to diminish the spurious radiation
from the feeding network, some researches
about series feed arrays have been done [13,
14]. In [13], an aperture coupled microstrip
2. Antennaarraydesign and construction
2.1. Single element
T.T. Toan et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 1 (2017) 22-27
24
Table 1. Parameters of the single element
(unit: mm)
Possessing the advantages of small size and
wide bandwidth outweigh other printed antennas,
DSDP has been used as the single element to
construct the array. The analysis and formulas to
design this kind of element have been specifically
demonstrated in authors’ previous work [19]. The
antenna has been designed on Rogers RT/Duroid
5870 tm using the formulas mentioned in [19].
The final single element has been optimized and
shown in the Figure 1.
Parameters Value Parameters Value
푤1
푤2
푤3
c
1.25
7.375
10.5
2.5
퐿1
퐿2
퐿3
퐿4
7
2.5
7.5
5
2.2. Feeding network design
After having the single element, a feeding
network has been designed. Chebyshev weights
for SLL preset at -30 dB (as given Table 2) is
used to gain low SLL. To design the feeding
network with output signals being proportional
to the Chebyshev weights, the unequal
T-junction dividers has been used.
Figure 1. Proposed single element.
Table 2. Chebyshev amplitude weights for 8×1 linear array
with the inter-element spacing = 0.5휆 (SLL = -30 dB)
Element No. (푛)
1
2
3
4
1
5
1
6
7
8
Normalized
amplitude (푢푛)
0.2622 0.5187 0.812
0.812 0.5187 0.2622
Amplitude
distribution (dB)
-19.9 -13.98 -10.08 - 8.27 -8.27 -10.08 -13.98 -19.9
v
Figure 2 shows the final feeding network in
this work.
Therefore, with even number of elements, an
equal T-junction power divider, 퐷1, has been
designed to ensure that two sides are identical.
The combination of dividers, 퐷2, is calculated
and designed in order to match the first four
weights of Chebyshev distribution. After that,
the divider 퐷2 is mirrored at the center of the
divider 퐷1 to get the full feeding network. Each
port has been designed with uniform spacing to
ensure that the output signals are in phase.
The array was constructed by combining
the single element with the feeding network. A
reflector which made of double sided copper
cladding FR4 epoxy has been added at the back
of the array to improve the directivity of the
array. Figure 3 presents the final array with the
Chebyshev distribution feeding network.
Figure 2. Proposed Chebyshev feeding network.
It is observed that the Chebyshev
coefficients are symmetrical at the center.
T.T. Toan et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 1 (2017) 22-27
25
Table 3. Summary of simulation resultswidth=1tw
Parameters Simulation data
Center frequency 4.95 GHz
Bandwidth at RL 185 MHz
≤ -10 dB
Gain
SLL
12.9 dBi
-25.2 dB
[Normalized radiation pattern of the array]
Figure 3. Proposed microstrip linear array.
3. Simulation, measurement and discussions
3.1. Simulation results
Figure 4 presents the simulation results of
S-parameters of the array. It can be seen from
the simulated result that the resonant frequency
of the antenna is 4.95 GHz, and the bandwidth
is 185 MHz.
[Gain in 3D]
Figure 5. Radiation pattern of the sprout-shaped
antenna array.
3.2. Measurement and discussion
Figure 4. Simulated 푆11 of the array.
A prototype has been fabricated to validate
the simulation data. Figure 6 gives the
fabricated sample. The sample has been then
measured, and the measured data was compared
with the simulation result as shown in Figure 7.
The simulation of the radiation pattern of
the sprout-shaped antenna array in E and H
planes and in 3D have been shown in the Figure
5. It is clear that the array can provide the gain
of 12.9 dBi and the low SLL of -25.2 dB.
T.T. Toan et al. / VNU Journal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 33, No. 1 (2017) 22-27
26
has the dimensions of 165 mm × 195 mm ×
1.575 mm and is designed on Rogers
RT/Duroid 5870tm with the thickness of 1.575
mm and permittivity of 2.33. In order to
achieve low SLL, Chebyshev distribution
weights (preset sidelobe level of -30 dB) has
been applied to the feed of the array. The
simulated results show that the proposed array
can provide the gain up to 12.9 dBi and SLL
suppressed to -25 dB. A prototype has also been
fabricated and measured. Good agreement
between simulation and measurement has been
obtained. It is proved that the array can be a
good candidate for applications such as point to
point communications, WLAN.
Figure 6. Array prototype.
Acknowledgements
This work has been partly supported by
Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU),
under project No. QG. 16.27.
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point applications has been proposed. The array
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